Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Astroviruses (AstVs) are important pathogens associated with enteric diseases in humans and other animals. However, most animal AstVs, including feline astrovirus (FAstV), are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and association of FAstV with enteric diseases in cats, and to conduct a molecular analysis of FAstVs, in Korea. Eleven faecal samples from 62 hospitalised cats at animal hospitals in the Moran market in South Korea tested positive for FAstV. The prevalence of FAstV was higher in cats <2 months old (25%) than in cats >2 months old (14.3%) (P = 0.31). Diarrhoea and normal faeces were observed in 19% (8/42) and 15% (3/20) of cats with FAstV, respectively (P = 1.00). Amino acid sequences alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that FAstVs, including Korean strains, formed a single clade within the mamastroviruses.

Short Communication

Astroviruses (AstVs; family Astroviridae) are small, non-enveloped, spherical viruses, which have a star-shaped structure that is visible by electron microscopy.¹ The genome is a positive single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 7 kb in length that comprises a 5′ untranslated region, three open reading frames (ORFs) and a poly-A tail.²

AstVs have been classified into two genera, Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus, infecting mammalian and avian species, respectively. Mamastroviruses have a broad host range, including humans,³ sheep,⁴ deer,⁵ dogs,⁶ cats,⁷ mice,⁸ cows,⁹ mink,¹⁰ bats,¹¹ cheetahs,¹² pigs,¹³ sea lions¹⁴ and rabbits.¹⁵ AstVs include duck astrovirus 1, turkey astrovirus 1 and 2, and avian nephritis virus.²

Although AstV infections are a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans, particularly in young children, the association of AstVs with enteric diseases in other animals is not well understood, with the exception of mink and turkeys.^10,16

Feline astrovirus (FAstV) was first identified by electron microscopy in faecal samples of cats with diarrhoea in the USA in 1981,⁷ and has since been reported in Australia,¹⁷ England,¹⁸ Germany,¹⁹ Italy²⁰ and New Zealand.²¹ Also, an earlier study reported that there is little association between age and excretion of FAstV in cats.¹⁷

FAstV sequence data available in the GenBank database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information are limited and, to date, the genotypes of FAstV have not been analysed. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of FAstV with enteric disease in cats, and to delineate Korean FAstV strains by genotype.

To investigate FAstV in cats, a total of 62 faecal samples were collected from hospitalised cats, including 20 cats <2 months old and 42 cats >2 months old (range, 3–132 months; interquartile range, 10–60 months) in three animal hospitals in the Moran live animal market between January and March 2011. The Moran live animal market, located in Gyenggi-do, is one of the biggest animal markets in Korea, where a variety of animals, including dogs, chickens, ducks, rabbits and cats, are gathered and sold. Cats were chosen randomly from all hospitalised cats. Clinical signs observed in the selected cats included coughing, fever, abdominal pain and diarrhoea (Supplementary material). Of the 62 cat faecal samples collected, 42 were classified as diarrhoea, while the others were classified as normal faeces. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) was diagnosed in 12 of the hospitalised cats using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the primer sets (p205 and 211) as previously described.²²

Viral RNA was extracted using the Trizol method according to manufacturers’ instructions (Invitrogen). Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was performed in a reaction volume of 25 μl using a commercially available RT-PCR kit (One-Step RT-PCR kit; Qiagen) with three sets of primers. Two primer sets from previous studies, primers panAstVfor1 and panAstVrev, and primers Mon269 and Mon270, were used to amplify the ORF1b and ORF2 regions, respectively.^11,23 To amplify the region between the 3′ end of ORF1b and the 5′ end of ORF2, a third primer set (forw-ard: 5′-TCTGGAAGAGCTATGACACC-3′; reverse: 5′-GTTGAGGAGTATGCACGCT-3′) was designed based on nucleotide sequences obtained from Korean FAstV strains in the current study. PCR was performed under the following conditions: 94°C for 2 mins; 35 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 50°C for 1 min and 68°C for 1 min; and a final extension step of 68°C for 10 mins. PCR products were analysed on a 1% agarose gel and cloned using pGEM-T Easy Vector System I (Promega). The cloned fragments were sequenced using the T7 and SP6 universal primers and an ABI Prism 3730xi DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems) at Macrogen (Seoul, Korea). The ORF1b and ORF2 amino acid sequences of AstV from different host species were compared using the BioEdit program.²⁴

Of the 62 cat faecal samples tested, 11 tested positive for FAstV (Table 1). Several risk factors (faecal status, age and gender) associated with FAstV infections were analysed (Table 2). FAstV occurred in cats with diarrhoea (8/42; 19%) and in cats with normal faeces (3/20; 15%). In a previous study of cats in animal shelters in the USA, 2% of cats with normal faeces and 8% of cats with diarrhoea were FAstV positive.²⁵ In Australia, AstV-like particles were observed by electron microscopy in 3% of cats with normal faeces and 10% of cats with diarrhoea.¹⁷ In the present study, the prevalence of FAstV in cats >2 months old (14.3%) was lower than in cats <2 months old (25%) (Table 2), suggesting that susceptibility to FAstV infection may be related to age. The prevalence of FAstV was not associated with gender or the clinical signs of the cats.

Table 1

Summary of details for the 11 cats that tested positive for feline astrovirus (FAstV) in this study*

Strain	Age	Gender	Clinical signs	Faecal status	Accession number
FAstV-K2	3 months	Female	Abdominal pain	Diarrhoea	–
FAstV-K6	4 weeks	Male	Abdominal pain, dehydration	Diarrhoea	KF155288
FAstV-K26	5 years	Male	Abdominal pain	Diarrhoea	–
FAstV-K27	3 years	Male	Coughing	Normal faeces	KF155289
FAstV-K37	10 months	Female	Coughing, sneezing	Normal faeces	–
FAstV-K38	1 year	Female	Coughing, sneezing	Normal faeces	–
FAstV-K40	7 years	Male	Dehydration	Diarrhoea	KF155290
FAstV-K43	7 weeks	Male	Vomiting, dehydration	Diarrhoea	–
FAstV-K46	3 weeks	Female	Abdominal pain	Diarrhoea	KF155291
FAstV-K53	6 weeks	Female	Abdominal pain	Diarrhoea	–
FAstV-K56	4 weeks	Male	Abdominal pain	Diarrhoea	–

FAstV strains were identified according to sequence comparisons as follows: FAstV-K6 with FAstV-K2, FAstV-K27 with FAstV-K26, FAstV-K40 with FAstV-K37, FAstV-K38 and FAstV-K43, and FAstV-K46 with FAstV-K53 and FAstV-K56

Table 2

Risk factors associated with astrovirus infection in the present study*

		Number of cats	FAstV		OR	95% CI	P
		Number of cats	Positive	Negative	OR	95% CI	P
Faecal status	Diarrhoea	42	8	34	1.33	0.31–5.7	1.00
Faecal status	Normal faeces	20	3	17	1.33	0.31–5.7	1.00
Age	>2 months	42	6	36	2.0	0.53–7.6	0.30
Age	<2 months	20	5	15	2.0	0.53–7.6	0.30
Gender	Male	26	4	22	0.91	0.23–3.6	1.00
Gender	Female	36	6	30	0.91	0.23–3.6	1.00

FAstV = feline astrovirus; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval

Risk factors (faecal status, age and gender) were evaluated using Fisher’s exact test. P <0.05 was considered significant

In the current study, 12 cats with diarrhoea tested positive for FCoV; however, no co-infections of FAstV and FCoV were observed (Supplementary material). FCoV is an important pathogen of cats that can cause mild or subclinical enteric diseases.²⁶ Kittens are particularly susceptible to FCoV, which can also cause feline infectious peritonitis.²⁷

Analysis of partial ORF1b (759 nt) and ORF2 (656 nt) sequences of the 11 Korean FAstV-positive samples identified four individual strains of FAstV: FAstV-K6, FAstV-K27, FAstV-K40 and FAstV-46. The nucleotide sequences of these strains were identical to those of FAstV in the remaining seven samples: FAstV-K2, FAstV-K26, FAstV-K37, FAstV-K38, FAstV-43, FAstV-K53 and FAstV-K56.

The ORF1b amino acid sequences of AstVs isolated from four host species (feline astrovirus FAstV 443/07A, porcine astrovirus PoAstV12-3, human astrovirus Ihar/2011/kor and canine astrovirus 3/05) shared 92.2%, 83.3%, 74.8% and 73.2% identity, respectively, with the Korean FAstV-K6 strain identified in the present study (Table 3). The ORF2 amino acid sequences of the Korean FAstV-K6 strain shared 95.3% identity with that of the FAstV 443/07A strain isolated in Italy in 2007 (Table 3). This similarity was higher than with a FAstV strain (87.8%) isolated from Bristol, UK, in 1987 (data not shown).

Table 3

Comparison of the ORF1b and ORF2 amino acid sequences of astroviruses (AstVs) found in four species*

Species	Feline	Feline	Porcine	Human	Canine
Strain	FAstV-K6	443/07A	PoAstV12-3	Ihar/2011/kor	3/05
FAstV-K6	–	95.3	67.1	81.3	59.6
FAstV 443/07A	92.2	–	63.1	81.7	59.7
PoAstV12-3	83.3	81.8	–	57.7	55.3
HAstV Ihar/2011/kor	74.8	73.5	73.0	–	54.1
CAstV 3/05	73.2	NT	73.3	75.0	–

NT = not tested

Feline (GU980969, GU980970), human (JN887820), canine (FM213330) and porcine (HM756258) AstV sequences were used for the comparisons. Values indicate the percentage similarities between ORF2 and ORF1b sequences, respectively. Values for ORF1b are in bold

The neighbour-joining (NJ) phylogenetic trees of both ORF1b (Figure 1a) and ORF2 (Figure 1b) show that the Korean FAstVs formed a single clade with the FAstV 443/07A strain. This clade also included the Bristol FAstV strain in the ORF2 NJ tree (Figure 1b). The Korean FAstVs were more closely related to the 443/07A/Italy/2007 strain than to the Bristol/UK/1986 strain, and the FAstVs also had a close relationship with human AstVs on the ORF2 phylogenetic tree (Figure 1b).

Figure 1

Neighbour-joining (NJ) tree showing the phylogenetic relationships of feline astrovirus (FAstV) to other astrovirus (AstV) species based on partial ORF1b (a) and ORF2 (b) amino acids sequence analysis. The trees were constructed using the NJ method in Mega 4.1 software with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Bootstrap values >70% were observed on the branches. Korean FAstVs are highlighted in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of amino acid changes per site. HAstV = human AstV; PAstV/PoAstV = porcine AstV; ANV = avian nephritis virus

Conclusions

We did not observe a clear association between FAstV infection and diarrhoea, but we did observe that FAstV infection occurred more frequently in younger than in older cats. The FAstVs examined all belonged to one clade.

Supplemental Material

Click here for Supplementary Table

Properties of cats sampled

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Mr Seong-Hee Lee and Ms Eun-Hye Park for technical assistance.

Supplementary material

Properties of cats sampled.

Funding

This study was supported by a grant from the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea in 2012 (Project Code No. N-AD20-2010-19-01).

Conflicts of interest

The authors do not have any potential conflicts of interest to declare.

Accepted: 14 October 2013

References

Mendez

Arias

. Astroviruses. In: Knipe

Howley

Griffin

, et al (eds). Fields virology. 5th ed.

Philadelphia:

Wiliams & Wilkins, 2007, pp 981–1000.

De Benedictis

Schultz-Cherry

Burnham

, et al. Astrovirus infections in humans and animals - molecular biology, genetic diversity, and interspecies transmissions. Infect Genet Evol 2011; 11: 1529–1544.

Madeley

Cosgrove

. 28 nm particles in faeces in infantile gastroenteritis [letter]. Lancet 1975; 2: 451–452.

Snodgrass

Gray

. Detection and transmission of 30nm virus particles (astroviruses) in faeces of lambs with diarrhea. Arch Virol 1977; 55: 287–291.

Tzipori

Menzies

Gray

. Detection of astrovirus in the faeces of red deer. Vet Rec 1981; 108: 286.

Williams

Jr . Astrovirus-like, coronavirus-like, and parvovirus-like particles detected in the diarrheal stools of beagle pups. Arch Virol 1980; 66: 215–226.

Hoshino

Zimmer

Moise

, et al. Detection of astroviruses in feces of a cat with diarrhea. Brief Report. Arch Virol 1981; 70: 373–376.

Kjeldsberg

Hem

. Detection of astroviruses in gut contents of nude and normal mice. Brief report. Arch Virol 1985; 84: 135–140.

Woode

Bridger

. Isolation of small viruses resembling astroviruses and caliciviruses from acute enteritis of calves. J Med Microbiol 1978; 11: 441–452.

10.

Englund

Chriel

Dietz

, et al. Astrovirus epidemiologically linked to pre-weaning diarrhoea in mink. Vet Microbiol 2002; 85: 1–11.

11.

Chu

Poon

Guan

, et al. Novel astroviruses in insectivorous bats. J Virol 2008; 82: 9107–9114.

12.

Atkins

Wellehan

Childress

, et al. Characterization of an outbreak of astroviral diarrhea in a group of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Vet Microbiol 2009; 136: 160–165.

13.

Bridger

. Detection by electron microscopy of caliciviruses, astroviruses and rotavirus-like particles in the faeces of piglets with diarrhoea. Vet Rec 1980; 107: 532–533.

14.

Rivera

Nollens

Venn-Watson

, et al. Charcterization of phylogenetically diverse astroviruses of marine mammals. J Gen Virol 2010; 91: 166–173.

15.

Martella

Moschidou

Pinto

, et al. Astroviruses in rabbits. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17: 2287–2293

16.

Koci

Seal

Schultz-Cherry

. Molecular characterization of an avian astrovirus. J Virol 2000; 74: 6173–6177.

17.

Marshall

Kennett

Rodger

, et al. Virus and virus-like particles in the faeces of cats with and without diarrhoea. Aust Vet J 1987; 64: 100–105.

18.

Harbour

Ashley

Williams

, et al. Natural and experimental astrovirus infection of cats. Vet Rec 1987; 120: 555–557

19.

Herbst

Krauss

. Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of enteritis in cats. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 1989; 114: 328–333

20.

Moschidou

Martella

Lorusso

, et al. Mixed infection by feline astrovirus and feline panleukopenia virus in a domestic cat with gastroenteritis and panleukopenia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23: 581–584.

21.

Rice

Wilks

Jones

, et al. Detection of astrovirus in the faeces of cats with diarrhea. N Z Vet J 1993; 41: 96–97.

22.

Herrewegh

de Groot

Cepica

, et al. Detection of feline coronavirus RNA in feces, tissues, and body fluids of naturally infected cats by reverse transcriptase PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 684–689.

23.

Noel

Lee

Kurtz

, et al. Typing of human astroviruses from clinical isolates by enzyme immunoassay and nucleotide sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 797–801.

24.

Hall

. BIOEDIT: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucl Acids Symp Ser 1999; 41: 95–98.

25.

Sabshin

Levy

Tupler

, et al. Enteropathogens identified in cats entering a Florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241: 331–337.

26.

Pedersen

Boyle

Floyd

, et al. An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship to feline infectious peritonitis. Am J Vet Res 1981; 42: 368–377.

27.

Pedersen

NC.

A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection: 1963–2008. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11: 225–258.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.02 MB

Molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of feline astrovirus in Korean cats