Force Against and by Game Wardens In Citizen Encounters

Abstract

This article provides a descriptive analysis of assaults against and force by game wardens. Statewide data were provided by Virginia’s Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Spatial, temporal, and situational factors are examined and some comparisons to police are provided. Distinct spatial and temporal patterns are evident. Attempting an arrest and rendering assistance are the most dangerous situations for assaults on wardens. The strongest factor precipitating assault is offender’s behavior. The strongest predictor of use of force is the presence of other police and offender’s resistance. Important differences between wardens and police in the use of weapons and injury are identified. Important organizational and situational differences shape the uniqueness of wildlife and conservation law enforcement.

Keywords

game warden use of force assault violent encounters

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