This article examines precedents that justify Congress in creating a preference for positive behavioral interventions, strategies, and supports over other interventions in the 1997 Amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The authors concluded that the IDEA 1997 provisions are warranted by several well-established precedents based in constitutional law, in the right to treatment and the right to education cases, in moral philosophy, and in democratic-government philosophy.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Broussard, C.D., & Northup, J. (1995). An approach to functional assessment and analysis of disruptive behavior in regular education classrooms. School Psychology Quarterly, 10, 151-164.
2.
Carr, E.G., Horner, R.H., Marquis, J.G., Turnbull, A.P., Magito-McLaughlin, D., McAtee, M.L., Smith, C.E., Ryan, K.A., Ruef, M.B., & Doolabh, A. (1999). Positive behavior support as an approach for dealing with problem behavior in people with developmental disabilities: A research synthesis. American Association on Mental Retardation Monograph Series. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation .
3.
Dinnerstein, R. D., Herr, S. S., & O'Sullivan, J. L. (Eds.). (1999). A guide to consent. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation .
4.
Dunlap, G., Kern, L., DePerczel, M., Clarke, S., Wilson, D., Childs, K.E., White, R., & Falk, G.D. (1993). Functional analysis of classroom variables for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 18, 275-291.
5.
Dunlap, G., Kern-Dunlap, L., Clarke, S., & Robbins, F.R. (1991). Functional assessment, curricular revision, and severe behavior problems. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 24, 387-397.
6.
Dunlap, G., White, R., Vera, A., Wilson, D., & Panacek, L. (1996). The effects of multi-component, assessment-based curricular modifications on the classroom behavior of children with emotional and behavioral disorders. Journal of BehavioralEducation , 6, 481-500.
7.
Gelman, S. (1995). The biological alteration cases. William & MaryLaw Review, 36, 1203-1301.
8.
Grossman, H. J. (Ed.). (1983). Classification in mental retardation. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Deficiency.
9.
Guess, D., Helmstetter, E., Turnbull, H.R., & Knowlton, E. (1986). Use of aversive procedures with persons who are disabled: An historical review and critical analysis. Seattle: The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps.
10.
Kern, L., Childs, K.E., Dunlap, G., Clarke, S., & Falk, G.D. (1994). Using assessment-based curricular intervention to improve the classroom behavior of a student with emotional and behavioral challenges. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 7-19.
11.
Levy, R.M., & Rubenstein, L.S. (1996). The rights of people with mental disabilities. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
12.
Lewis, T.J., & Sugai, G. (1993). Teaching communicative alternatives to socially withdrawn behavior: An investigation in maintaining treatment effects. Journal of BehavioralEducation, 3, 61-75.
13.
Lewis, T.J., & Sugai, G. (1996a). Descriptive and experimental analysis of teacher and peer attention and the use of assessment-based intervention to improve the pro-social behavior of a student in a general education setting. Journal of BehavioralEducation, 6, 7-24.
14.
Lewis, T.J., & Sugai, G. (1996b). Functional assessment of problem behavior: A pilot investigation of the comparative and interactive effects of teacher and peer social attention on students in general education settings. School Psychology Quarterly, 11, 1-19.
15.
Luckasson, R. A. (Ed.). (1992). Mental retardation: Definition, classification, and systems of support. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation .
16.
Mulick, J.A. (1994). Should only positive methods be used by professionals who work with children and youth? No. In M. A. Mason & Gambrill (Eds.), Debating children's lives: Current controversies on children and adolescents (pp. 228-236). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17.
Singer, G.H.S., Gert, B., & Koegel, R.L. (1999). A moral framework for analyzing the controversy over aversive behavioral interventions for people with severe mental retardation . Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions, 1, 88-100.
18.
Sugai, G., Horner, R.H., Dunlap, G., Hieneman, M., Lewis, T.J., Nelson, C.M., Scott, T., Liaupsin, C., Sailor, W., Turnbull, A.P., Turnbull, H.R., Wickham, D., Ruef, M., & Wilcox, B.L. (1999). Applying positive behavioral support and functional behavioral assessment in schools. Lawrence: University of Kansas, Beach Center on Families and Disability, OSEP Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports.
19.
Terman, L. (1926). Mental and physical traits of a thousand gifted children (2nd ed., Vol. 1). Palo Alta, CA: Stanford University Press.
20.
Turnbull, A.P., & Turnbull, H.R. (1997). Families, professionals, and exceptionality: A special partnership (3rd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill.
21.
Turnbull, H.R., Biklen, D., Brooks, P., Boggs, E.M., & Ellis, J. (1981). The least restrictive alternative: Principles and practices. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
22.
Turnbull, H.R., & Guess, D. (with Backus, L., Barber, P., Fiedler, C., Helmstetter, E., & Summers, J.A.). (1986). A model for analyzing the moral aspects of special education and behavioral interventions: The moral aspects of aversive therapy . In P. Dokecki, & R. Zaner (Eds.), Ethics of dealing with persons with severe handicaps: Toward a research agenda (pp 167-210). Baltimore: Brookes.
23.
Turnbull, H.R., & Turnbull, A.P. (with Stowe, M., & Wilcox, B.L.). (2000). Free appropriate public education (6th ed.). Denver: Love.
24.
Turnbull, H.R., Turnbull, A.P., Wilcox, B.L., Sailor, W., & Wickham, D. (1999). Positive behavioral interventions and supports under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Lawrence: University of Kansas, Beach Center on Families and Disability, OSEP Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports .
25.
Turnbull, H.R., Wilcox, B.L., Stowe, M., & Turnbull, A.P. (in press). Legal requirements for the use of positive behavioral interventions and supports under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Guidelines for responsible agencies. Lawrence: University of Kansas, Beach Center on Families and Disability, OSEP Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports .
26.
Umbreit, J. (1995). Functional assessment and intervention in a regular classroom setting for the disruptive behavior of a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behavioral Disorders, 20, 267-278.
27.
Vollmer, T.R., & Northup, J. (1996). Some implications of functional analysis for school psychology. School Psychology Quarterly, 11, 76-92.
28.
Winick, B. (1995). Ambiguities in the legal meaning and significance of mental illness. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 1, 534-609.