A Review of the Literature : Fire Retardants in Cellulosic Insulation

Kirk, R. E. and D. F. Othmer, eds. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology , Vol. 9. New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ( 1966).

Lyons, J.W. The Chemistry and Uses of Fire Retardants Wiley-Interscience (1970).

Mark, H. F., N. G. Gaylord and N. M. Bikales, eds. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Vol. 7 New York:Interscience Publishers , pp. 39-64 (1986).

Sanders, H.J. "Flame Retardants," Chemical and Engineering News, 22-36 (April 24, 1978).

Abhat, A. and T.O. Huy. "Heat and Mass Transfer Considerations in Thermochemical Energy Storage System Based on Solid-Gas Reactions," Solar Energy , 30:93-98 (1983).

Evans, W.H. , E.J. Prosen and D.D. Wagman. "Thermochemistry and Thermodynamic Functions of Some Boron Compounds," in Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Solids. Am. Soc. Mech. Engr, New York : McGraw-Hill , pp. 226-235 (1959).

Greenwood, N.N. "Boron," in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry , Vol. 1. A. F. Trotman-Dickenson, executive editor. New York:Pergamon Press , pp. 880-892 (1973).

Kirk, R. E. and D. F. Othmer, eds. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology , Vol. 3. New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 612-625 (1964).

Madacsi, J.P. and N.B. Knoepfler. "Treatment of Home-Blown Cellulosic Insulation with a Boric Vapor Process to Impart Smolder Resistance," J. of Thermal Insulation, 3:207-211 (April, 1980).

Mellor, J.W. A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry , Vol. 5. London: Longmans, Green and Co., pp. 48-64 (1924). (A recently published supplement to Volume 5 exists.)

Nesmeyanov, A.N. Vapor Pressure of the Chemical Elements New York:Elsevier Publishing Company, pp. 34-35 (1963).

Nies, N.P. and G.W. Campbell. Boron, Metallo-Boron Compounds and Boranes New York: Interscience Publishers, pp. 65-108 (1964).

Petropavlovskii, I.A. and N.S. Torocheshinkov. "Characteristics of Hydrothermal Evaporation of Volatiles form Porous Materials," translated from Teoreticheskie Osnovy Khimicheskol Technologii, Vol. 11, pp. 650-655 (September-October, 1977).

Petropavlovskii, I.A. and N.S. Torocheshinkov. "Vapor Pressure and Vaporization Mechanism of Boron Oxide Hydrates," Tr. Mosk. Khim-Tekhnol. Inst., 60: 82-85 (1969).

Scott, W.D. and F.C.R. Cattell. "Vapor Pressure of Ammonium Sulfates," Atmospheric Environment, 13:307-317 (1979).

Stackelberg, M. Von., F. Quatram and J. Dressel. "Volatility of Boric Acid in Steam," Z. Elektrochem. , 43:14-28 (1937).

Yarbrough, D.W. , D.L. McElroy and W.W. Harris. "Properties and Testing of Loose-Fill Cellulosic Insulation," ORNL/TM-6433, Oak Ridge, TN (February, 1982).

Bradbury, A.G.W. and F. Shafizadeh. "Role of Oxygen Chemisorption in Low-Temperature Ignition of Cellulose," Combustion and Flame, 37:85-89 (1980).

Cullis, C.F. , M.M. Hirschler , R.P. Townsend and V. Visanuvimol. "The Combustion of Cellulose Under Condition of Rapid Heating," Combus. and Flame , 49:249-254 (1983).

Cullis, C.F. , M.M. Hirschler , R.P. Townsend and V. Visanuvimol. "The Pyrolysis of Cellulose Under Condition of Rapid Heating," Combustion and Flame , 45:235-248 (1983).

Hilado, C.J. and P.A. Huttlinger. "Smoldering Combustion: A Bibliography of Published Information," J. of Thermal Insulation , 2:102-106 (October, 1978).

Shafizadeh, F. and A.G. W Bradbury. "Smoldering Combustion of Cellulose Materials," J. of Thermal Insulation , 2:141-152 (January, 1979).

Day, M. and D.M. Wiles "Combustibility of Loose Fiber Fill Cellulose Insulation. II, the Role of Third Chemical Component in a Borax: Boric Acid System," J. of Consumer Product Flammability, 6:20-27 (March, 1979).

Day. M. , T. Suprunchuk and D.M. Wiles. "The Fire Properties of Cellulose Insulation," J. of Thermal Insulation, 4:157-170 (January, 1981).

Day, M. , T. Suprunchuk and D.M. Wiles. "A Combustibility Study of Cellulose Insulation," J. of Thermal Insulation, 3:260-271 (April, 1980).

Day, M. and D.M. Wiles. "Combustibility of Loose Fiber Fill Cellulose Insulation : The Role of Borax and Boric Acid," J. of Thermal Insulation , 2:30-39 (July, 1978).

Mark, H. F., N. G. Gaylord and N. M. Bikales, eds. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Vol. 2. (supplement), New York: Interscience Publishers, pp. 340-362 (1977).

Gadalla, A.M. , M.Y. Kasem and F.T. Salem. "Kintetics of Pyrolysis of Some Fire Retardants and Treated Fabrics," AIChE Journal, 30:50-55 (January, 1984).

Hilado, C.J. and P.A. Huttlinger. "Boron Additive Content and Residue Weight in Cellulose Insulation," Journal of Fire Retardant Chemistry, 8:3-7 (February, 1981).

Hilado, C.J. and R.M. Murphy. "Flash-Fire Propensity of Cellulose Insulation Samples Containing Various Borate Fire Retardants," J. of Thermal Insulation, 2: 3-6 (July, 1978).

Hilado, C.J. and P.A. Huttlinger. "Relative Flammability and Toxicity of Thermal Insulation," J. of Thermal Insulation , 4:217-222 (January, 1981).

Loh, H. "Effectiveness of Fire Retardants in Loose-Fill Cellulosic Insulation," M.S. Thesis, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN (1981).

Ohlemiller, T.J. "Forced Smolder Propagation and the Transition to Flaming in Cellulosic Insulation," NBSIR 85-3212, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, National Engineering Laboratory, Center of Fire Research, Gaithersburgh, MD (October, 1985).

Ohlemiller, T.J. and F.E. Rogers. "Smoldering Combustion Hazards of Thermal Insulations," ORNL/Sub-7686/1 Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, TN (July, 1980).

Ohlemiller, T.J. "Cellulosic Insulation Material-1. Overall Degradation of Kinetics and Reaction Heats," Combust. Sci. Technol., 24:129-137 (1980).

Ohlemiller, T.J. and F.E. Rogers. "Cellulosic Insulation Material-2. Effect of Additives on Some Smolder Characteristic," Combust. Sci. Technol., 24:139-152 (1980).

Satonaka, S. and T. Endoh. "Boron Compounds as the Fire Retardants for Cellulose," ACS/CSJ Chemical Congress , Honolulu, Hawaii (April, 1979).

Shafizadeh, F. , A.G.W. Bradbury , W.F. Degroot and T.W. Aanerud. "Role of Inorganic Additives in Smoldering Combustion of Cotton Cellulose," Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 21:97-101 (1982).

Sprague, R.W. and K.K. Shen. "The Use of Boron Products in Cellulose Insulation," J. of Thermal Insulation , 2:161-174 (April, 1979).

Ashratova, Sh. K. "The Volatilization of Boric Acid from Solutions and Mixtures," Industrial Laboratory, 26:59-60 (1960). Translated from Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, 26(1):59-60 (1960).

Cheek, L. , A. Wilcock and N. Olsen. "Stability of Borax-Based Smolder Retardant Finish for Cotton Upholstery Fabrics," Textile Research Journal, 271-277 (May, 1985).

Feldman, C. "Evaporation of Boron from Acid Solutions and Residues," Analytical Chemistry, 33:1916-1920 (December, 1961).

Hartman, E.F. , R. Hicks and F. Hartman. "Testing Flameproof Fabrics," Fire Engineering, 92:336-339 (1939).

Knoepfler, N.B. and J.P. Madacsi. "Permanence of Boron Containing Treatments for Cotton Battmg Products that Meet the Mattress Flammability Standard FF 4-72," Fire Retardant Chemistry , 2:65-82 (May, 1975).

Kostrikin, Yu. M. and V. A Korovin. "The Problem of the Volatilization of Boric Acid," Industrial Laboratory , 26:61-72 (1960). [Translated from Zavodskaya Laboratonya, 26(1):61-62 (1960).]

Lawson, J.R. "Environmental Cycling of Cellulosic Thermal Insulation and Its Influence on Fire Performance, NBSIR 84-2917, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC (August, 1984).

Anderlind, G. and B. Johansson. "Dynamic Insulation," ISBN 91-540-3935-5 , The Swedish Council for Building Research , Stockholm (1983).

Close, P.D. "Building Insulation," Chicago: American Technological Society, pp. 229-258 (1946).

Duff, J.E. "Moisture Distribution in Wood-Frame Walls in Winter," Forest Products Journal, 18:60-64 (January, 1968).

Lata, J.K. and R.K. Beach. "Vapor Diffusion and Condensation," Canadian Building Digest, CBD 57, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada (1964).

Lindsay, D.C. "Air Conditioning: A Hygroscopic Properties of Industrial Materials," in International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology , Vol.2. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., pp. 321-324 (1927).

Luikov, A.V. Heat and Mass Transfer in Capillary Porous Bodies Oxford :Pergamon Press (1966).

Motakef, S. "Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transport with Phase Change in Insulated Structures," Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cam-bridge, MA (1984).

Motakef, S. and M.A. EL-Jasri. "Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer with Phase Change in a Porous Slab," Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 29(10)1503-1512 (1986).

Marsh, P. Thermal Insulation and Condensation, London : The Construction Press (1979).

Ogniewicz, Y. and C.L. Tien. "Analysis of Condensation in Porous Insulation," Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , 24:421-429 (1981).

Ray, E. B. and L. T George, eds. Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science. Chemical Rubber Co: Cleveland, OH, p. 457 (1970).

Tye, R.P. and S.C. Spinney. "A Study of Effect of Moisture Vapor on the Thermal Transmittance Characteristics of Cellulose Fibre Thermal Insulation," J. of Thermal Insulation, 2:175-196 (1979).

Verschoor, J.D. "Measurement of Water Vapor Migration and Storage in Composite Building Construction," ASHRAE Transactions , Vol. 91, Part 2A, pp. 390-403 (1985).

Wilson, R.E. and T. Fuwa. "Humidity of Equilibria Various Common Substances," J. of Indust. and Engi. Chem. , 14:1913-1918 (1922).