The purpose of the study was to determine the hygrothermally critical climatic conditions, to assess the heat and moisture performance of building envelope systems, and to design buildings for a longer service life. Estonian climate data have been analyzed based on six weather stations over a 30-year period, from 1970 to 2000. Ten percent-level critical reference years for hygrothermal calculation, for two moisture performance criteria, risk of water vapor condensation and mould growth, have been determined. Air temperature and relative humidity was used for climatic data.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1. Kalamees, T. and Vinha, J. (2003). Hygrothermal Calculations and Laboratory Tests on Timber-framed Wall Structures , Building and Environment, 38(5): 689-697 .
2.
2. DIN 4108-3:2001-07. Warmeschutz und Energie-Einsparung in Gebauden, Klimabedingter Feuchteschutz, Anforderungen, Berechnungsverfahren und Hinweise fur Planung und Ausfuhrung, 2001.
3.
3. Glaser, H. (1959). Graphisches Verfahren zur Untersuchung von Diffusionsvorgangen , Kältetechnik, Jahrgang 11, Heft 10: 345-349 .
4.
4. Sanders, C. (1996). IEA-Annex 24 HAMTIE, Final Report, Volume 2, Task 2: Environmental Conditions, Laboratorium Bouwfysica, K.U.-Leuven, Belgium.
5.
5. Kunzel, H.M., Holm, A., Eitner, V. and Schmidt, T. (2000). WUFI-2D: Program Description, Fraunhofer - Institute for Building Physics, Holzkirchen .
6.
6. Grunewald, J. (2000). Documentation of the Numerical Simulation Program DIM3.1. Vol. 2 User’s Guide, Institute of Building Climatology, Faculty of Architecture, University of Technology Dresden .
7.
7. Match Manual. Byggeog Miljøteknik ApS . 1997.
8.
8. Jogioja, E. and Pahapill, L. (2000). Eesti kliima teatmik ehitajale. Eesti Ehitusteave .
9.
9. Vinha, J. and Kalamees, T. (2003). Principles to Analyze the Moisture Performance of Timber-Framed External Wall Assembly Due to Diffusion , In: Proceedings of 9th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology, Design and Construction of Durable Building Envelopes, pp. 123-140 , Vancouver, Canada.
10.
10. Kirde, K. (1939). Andmeid Eesti kliimast, Scientific Papers of Meteorological Observatory of The University of Tartu, No. 3.
11.
11. Kirde, K. (1943). Kliimavaldkonnad Eestis. Scientific Papers of Meteorological Observatory of The University of Tartu, No. 5.
12.
12. Raik, A. (1967). Eesti klimaatilisest rajoneerimisest . Eesti Loodus, 2: 65-70 .
13.
13. Karing, P. (1992). Õhutemperatuur Eestis, Valgus, Tallinn .
14.
14. Harderup, E. (1998). Metoder att valja korrektioner vid fuktberakningar med variabelt utomhusklimat. Doctoral Dissertation, Rapport TVBH-1011, Dept. of Building Physics, Lund University.
15.
15. Hagentoft, C-E. and Harderup E. (1996). Climatic Influences on the Building Envelope Using the Factor . IEA-Annex 24 HAMTIE, Task 2. Environmental Conditions, Closing Seminar, Finland.
16.
16. Bergman, J., Lehtinen, T. and Viljanen, M. (1999). Development of a New Methodology to Analyze the Durability of Facade Repair and Retrofitting Systems. Final Report, Volume 4: Environmental Conditions, Report 105, Laboratory of Structural Engineering and Building Physics, Helsinki Technical University .
17.
17. Djebbar, R., van Reenen, D. and Kumaran, M.K. (2001). Indoor and Outdoor Weather Analysis Tool for Hygrothermal Modelling, NRCC-44686, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada Ottawa, Canada .
18.
18. Tammelin, T. and Erkio, E. (1987). Energialaskennan säätiedot - suomalainen testivuosi. Report 1987:7, Finnish Meteorological Institute.
19.
19. Lstiburek, J.W., Karagiozis, A. and Ueno, K. (2002). Feasibility of Establishing Criteria for Permeable Envelope and/or Non-Mechanical Ventilation for Detached Single One or Two Family Residential Construction, Building Science Corporation’s Final Paper to the Minnesota Department of Administration of Building Codes and Standards Division .
20.
20. Cornick, S., Dalgliesh, A., Said, N., Djebbar, R., Tariku, F. and Kumaran, M.K. (2002). Report from Task 4 of MEWS Project - Task 4-Environmental Conditions Final Report, IRC-RR-113, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council, Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
21.
21. Cornick, S.M. and Dalgliesh, W.A. (2003). A Moisture Index Approach to Characterizing Climates for Moisture Management of Building Envelopes , In: Proceedings of 9th Canadian Conference on Building Science and Technology, Design and Construction of Durable Building Envelopes, pp. 383-398 , Vancouver, Canada.
22.
22. Beaulieu, P., Bomberg, M., Cornick, S., Dalgliesh, A., Desmarais, G., Djebbar, R., Kumaran, K., Lacasse, M., Lackey, J., Maref, W., Mukhopadhyaya, P., Nofal, M., Normandin, N., Nicholls, M., O’Connor, T., Quirt, J., Rousseau, M., Said, M., Swinton, M., Tariku, F. and van Reenen, D. (2002). Final Report from Task 8 of MEWS Project (T8-03) - Hygrothermal Response of Exterior Wall Systems to Climate Loading: Methodology and Interpretation of Results for Stucco, EIFS, Masonry and Siding Clad Wood-Frame Walls, Research Report IRC-RR-118, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada.
23.
23. Desjarlais, A.O., Karagiozis, A.N. and Aoki-Kramer, M. (2001). Wall Moisture Problems in Seattle , In: Proceeding for Conference ‘‘Performance of Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings VIII: Integration of Building Envelopes, pp. 1-8 , Clearwater Beach, Florida.
24.
24. prEN ISO 15927-1. (1999). Hygrothermal Performance of Buildings - Calculation and Presentation of Climatic Data - Part 1: Monthly Means of Single Meteorological Elements (ISO/DIS 15927-1:1999). International Organization for Standardization .
25.
25. Nevander, L-E. and Elmarsson, B. (1994). Fukt Handbok. Praktik och teori. AB Svensk Byggtjanst .
26.
26. Viitanen, H. and Bjurman, J. (1995). Mould Growth on Wood at Fluctuating Humidity Conditions , Mat. und Org., 29(1): 27-46 .
27.
27. Viitanen, H. and Ritschkoff, A-C. (1991). Mould Growth in Pine and Spruce Sapwood in Relation for Air Humidity and Temperature, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Products, Uppsala, Report No 221.
28.
28. Viitanen, H. (1997). Modelling the Time Factor in the Development of Mould Fungi - Effect of Critical Humidity and Temperature Conditions in Pine and Spruce Sapwood , Holzforschung, 51(1): 6-14 .
29.
29. Hukka, A. and Viitanen, H. (1999). A Mathematical Model of Mould Growth on Wooden Material , Wood Science and Technology, 33: 475-485 .
30.
30. Viitanen, H., Hanhijarvi, A., Hukka, A. and Koskela, K. (August 2000). Modeling Mould Growth and Decay Damages , In: Proceedings of Healthy Building 2000 Conference, Microbes, Moisture and Building Physics, Vol. 3, pp. 341-346 .
31.
31. Pasanen, P.O., Kolari, S., Pasanen, A.-L. and Kurnitski, J. (2001). Fungal Growth on Wood Surfaces at Different Moisture Conditions in Crawl Spaces , In: Proceedings of International Conference on Indoor Air Quality 2000, 8, p. Moisture, Microbes and Health Effects: Indoor Air Quality and Moisture in Buildings, Session 4 November.
