Male supremacist online communities have been linked to a number of negative outcomes over the last decade, including alt-right mobilizations, digitally-mediated campaigns of harassment against prominent feminist figures, and incidents of mass violence. These digital spaces are aligned in their commitment to narratives of male victimization at the hands of women and feminism, but are somewhat heterogenous in their topical foci and applications of male supremacist ideologies. Such variation reflects both differences in how groups conceive of the problems of facing men, and potentially contributes to the different types of harm wrought by these communities.
BraithwaiteAndrea. 2016. “It’s About Ethics in Games Journalism? Gamergaters and Geek Masculinity.” Social Media + Society2, no. 4: 1–10. doi:10.1177/2056305116672484.
2.
BratichJackBanet-WeiserSarah. 2019. “From Pick-Up Artists to Incels: Con(fidence) Games, Networked Misogyny, and the Failure of Neoliberalism.” International Journal of Communication13: 5003–27.
3.
DeCookJulia R.KellyMegan. 2021. “Interrogating the ‘Incel Menace’: Assessing the Threat of Male Supremacy in Terrorism Studies.” Critical Studies on Terrorism15, no. 3: 1–21. doi:10.1080/17539153.2021.2005099.
4.
DiBrancoAlex. 2022. “Mobilizing Misogyny.” In Male Supremacism in the United States. 1st ed., 3–20. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003164722-2.
5.
DignamPierce AlexanderRohlingerDeana A.. 2019. “Misogynistic Men Online: How the Red Pill Helped Elect Trump.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society44, no. 3: 589–612. doi:10.1086/701155.
GingDebbie. 2019. “Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere.” Men and Masculinities22, no. 2: 638–57. doi:10.1177/1097184X17706401.
8.
GotellLiseDuttonEmily. 2016. “Sexual Violence in the ‘Manosphere’: Antifeminist Men’s Rights Discourses on Rape.” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy5, no. 2: 65. doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.310.
9.
HoffmanBruceJacobWareShapiroEzra. 2020. “Assessing the Threat of Incel Violence.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism43, no. 7: 565–87. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2020.1751459.
10.
JonesCallumTrottVerityWrightScott. 2020. “Sluts and Soyboys: MGTOW and the Production of Misogynistic Online Harassment.” New Media22, no. 10: 1903–21.
11.
KaiserSusanne. 2022. Political Masculinity: How Incels, Fundamentalists and Authoritarians Mobilize for Patriarchy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
12.
KellyMeganDiBrancoAlexDeCookJulia R.. 2022. “Misogynist Incels and Male Supremacist Violence.” In Male Supremacism in the United States. 1st ed., 164–80. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003164722-11.
13.
LillyMary. 2016. ‘The World Is Not a Safe Place for Men’: The Representational Politics of the Manosphere. PhD thesis. Ottowa, CA: University of Ottowa.
14.
LinJie Liang. 2017. “Antifeminism Online. MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way).” In Digital Environments. Ethnographic Perspectives across Global Online and Offline Spaces, 77–96. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag. doi:10.25969/MEDIAREP/2891.
15.
LyonsMatthew N.2017. The Origins and Ideology of the Alternative Right. Political Research Associates.
16.
MamiéRobinRibeiroManoel HortaWestRobert. 2021. “Are Anti-Feminist Communities Gateways to the Far Right? Evidence from Reddit and YouTube.” arXiv:2102.12837 [Cs]. Februaryhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2102.12837.
17.
MarwickAlice E.CaplanRobyn. 2018. “Drinking Male Tears: Language, the Manosphere, and Networked Harassment.” Feminist Media Studies18, no. 4: 543–59. doi:10.1080/14680777.2018.1450568.
18.
MenzieLauren. 2020. “Stacys, Beckys, and Chads: The Construction of Femininity and Hegemonic Masculinity Within Incel Rhetoric.” Psychology & Sexuality13: 69–85. doi:10.1080/19419899.2020.1806915.
19.
MenziesRobert. 2007. “Virtual Backlash: Representations of Men’s “Rights” and Feminist “Wrongs” in Cyberspace.” In Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change, edited by ChunnDorothy E.BoydSusanLessardHester, 65–97. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
20.
MessnerMichael A.2016. “Forks in the Road of Men’s Gender Politics: Men’s Rights Vs Feminist Allies.” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy5, no. 2: 6. doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v5i2.301.
21.
MountfordJ.2018. “Topic Modeling the Red Pill.” Social Sciences7, no. 3: 42. doi:10.3390/socsci7030042.
22.
RothermelAnn-KathrinKellyMeganJasserGreta. 2022. “Of Victims, Mass Murder, and ‘Real Men.” In Male Supremacism in the United States. 1st ed., 117–141. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003164722-9.
23.
SalojärviEeroRantanenMattiNieminenEmiliaJuoteAlinaHanhelaHeidi. 2020. “The ‘Incel’ Phenomenon in the Digital Era—How Echo Chambers Have Fueled the Incel Movement.” In Computational Transformation of the Public Sphere, edited by AmadaeS. M, 195–210. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
24.
SalterMichael. 2018. “From Geek Masculinity to Gamergate: The Technological Rationality of Online Abuse.” Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal14, no. 2: 247–264. doi:10.1177/1741659017690893.
25.
SchmitzRachelKazyakEmily. 2016. “Masculinities in Cyberspace: An Analysis of Portrayals of Manhood in Men’s Rights Activist Websites.” Social Sciences5, no. 2: 18. doi:10.3390/socsci5020018.
26.
Van ValkenburghShawn P.2018. “Digesting the Red Pill: Masculinity and Neoliberalism in the Manosphere.” Men and Masculinities24, no. 1: 84–103. doi:10.1177/1097184X18816118.
