During the eighteenth century, new ideals, theories, and practices of masculinity and sexuality developed in the countries of Northwestern Europe. This article discusses these ideals mainly using the example of the life and the works of the Marquis de Sade (1740-1814). While old ideals of Christian or noble masculinity demanded chastity or restraint and new Enlightened ones vigor and control, Sade's perspective that stressed sexual humiliation was in stark conflict with both the old and new ideas on male honor, masturbation, and same-sexual acts. The article discusses his life and some of his works before reviewing his philosophy and his views on masculinity and sexuality. It ends with the importance of Sade's work for his own times and for contemporary discussions.
Béjin, A.1990.Le nouveau tempérament sexuel. Paris: Kimé.
2.
Bongie, L.L.1998.Sade: A biographical essay. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3.
Camus, M. and P. Roger, eds. 1983.Sade: écrire la crise. Paris: Belfond.
4.
Delon, M.1972. Sade face à Rousseau. Europe522:42-48.
5.
Deprun, J.1977. Quand Sade récrit Fréret, Voltaire et d'Holbach. Obliques12-13:263-266.
6.
Derks, P.1990. Die Schande der heiligen Päderastie. Homosexualität und Oeffentlichkeit in der deutschen Literatur 1750-1850. Berlin: Rosa Winkel.
7.
Foucault, M.1976. Histoire de la sexualité. T. 1: La volonté de savoir. Paris: Gallimard.
8.
Gray, F.du Plessix.1998. At Home with the Marquis de Sade: A life. New York: Simon and Schuster.
9.
Hekma, G.1989. Sodomites, platonic lovers, contrary lovers: the backgroundsof the modern homosexual. In The pursuit of sodomy: Male homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment Europe, ed. K. Gerard and G. Hekma, 433-456. New York: Haworth.
10.
Hekma, G.2005. How libertarian is the Netherlands? Exploring contemporary Dutch sexual cultures. In Regulating sex: The politics of intimacy and identity, ed. E. Bernstein and L. Schaffner.NY: Routledge.
11.
Jenkins, P.1998. Moral panic: Changingconceptsof the child molester in modern America.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
12.
Kennedy, H.2001. Karl Heinrich Ulrichs. Leben und Werk. Hamburg: MSS Verlag.
13.
Kraakman, D.1999. Pornography in Western European culture. In Sexual cultures in Europe, Vol. 2 of Themes in Sexuality, ed. F. Eder, Franz, L. Hall, and G. Hekma, 104-120.Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
14.
Laqueur, T.1990. Making sex: Body and gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
15.
Laqueur, T.1992. Sexual desire and the market economy during the Industrial Revolution. In Discourses of sexuality: From Aristotle to Aids, ed. Domna C. Stanton, 185-214. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
16.
Laqueur, T.2003. Solitary sex: A cultural history of masturbation. New York: Zone Books.
17.
LeBrun, A.1986. Soudain un bloc d'abîme, Sade. Paris: Pauvert.
18.
Lever, Maurice.1991. Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade. Paris: Fayard.
19.
Lütkehaus, L.1992. “O Wollust, o Hölle.” Die Onanie. Stationen einer Inquisition. Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer.
20.
Michael, C.V.1986. The Marquis de Sade: The man, his works, and his critics. An annotatedbibliography. New York: Garland.
21.
Mosse, G.L.1985. Nationalism and sexuality: Respectability and abnormal sexuality in modern Europe. New York: Howard Fertig.
22.
Noyes, J.K.1998. The Mastery of submission: Inventions of masochism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
23.
Nye, R.A.1993. Masculinityandmale codes of honorin modern France. New York: Oxford University Press.
24.
Praz, M.[1933] 1970. The romantic agony. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25.
Raffalovich, M.A.1896. Uranisme et unisexualité. Paris: Masson/Storck.
26.
Sade, D.A.F. de. 1965. Three complete novels: Justine; Philosophy in the bedroom, Eugénie de Franval and other writings. New York: Grove Press.
27.
Sade, D.A.F. de. 1967. The 120 days of Sodom and other writings. New York: Grove Press.
28.
Schaeffer, N.1998. The Marquis de Sade: A life. New York: Knopf.
29.
Schmidt, G.1996. Das Verschwinden der Sexualmoral. Ueber sexuelle Verhältnisse. Hamburg: Klein.
30.
Solomon-Godeau, A.1997. Male trouble: A crisis in representation. London: Thames and Hudson.
31.
Stengers, J. and A. Van Neck, 1984. Histoire d'une grande peur: la masturbation. Bruxelles: Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles.
32.
Stolberg, M.2000. Self-pollution, moral reform, and the venereal trade: notes on the sources and historical context of onania (1716). Journal of the History of Sexuality9, 1/2: 37-61.
33.
Tarczylo, T.1983. Sexe et liberté au siècle des Lumières. Paris: Presses de la Renaissance.
34.
Thompson, B.1994. Sadomasochism: Painful perversion or pleasurable play?. London: Cassell.
35.
Trumbach, R.1998. Sex and the gender revolution, Vol. 1 of Heterosexuality and the third gender in Enlightenment London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
