This study of 33 hospitality industry work groups (177 employees) provides empirical evidence for the effects of organizational culture (normative beliefs and shared behavioral expectations) and Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) on empowerment. Constructive and aggressive-defensive normative beliefs were found to foster empowerment while controlling for the effects of LMX. The degree of consensus (“crystallization”) by which group members share norms and behavioral expectations was found to partially neutralize the effects of LMX on empowerment.
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