The increase of environmental problems due to the tourist activity has given rise to conservation of environment in destinations. In this sense, regional, national, and international regulatory provisions have proliferated during the last years. This article analyses the perception in the society about this kind of distinguishing signs, for the specific case of protected natural areas. Since local population participates in the appropriate development of protected areas, the knowledge and the communication of protection’s forms are necessary to achieve the purpose for which they were created. This article uses a structural equation model to know the relationship between implication of local population, knowledge and perception of forms to protect natural areas, and the influence on the support of actions related with these forms of protection. This article represents a sustainable innovation with the aim of getting recommendations about the use of distinguishing signs by tourist authorities, to achieve a good knowledge and communication of these signs, and an optimal management of destinations. The main result is that the perception of the effects produced by figures of protection influences on the support of actions related with these figures; in this way, the more positive perception is, the higher the support is.
AndamK.FerraroP.SimsK.HealyA.HollandM. (2010). Protected areas reduces poverty in Costa Rica and Thailand. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(22), 9996-10001. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914177107
BagozziR. P.YiY. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
5.
BarlettC. Y.MaltatiT.PetroG.ValentineP. (2010). Policy implications of protected area discourse in the Pacific islands. Marine Policy, 34(1), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2009.04.021
6.
BarrerioJ. M.LópezM. A.LosadaF.RuzoE. (2002). Analysis of cognitive and affective dimensions of ecological consumer behavior. Revista Galega de Economía, 11, 1-21.
7.
BennettN. J.DeardenP. (2014). Why local people do not support conservation: Community perceptions of marine protected area livelihood impacts, governance and management in Thailand. Marine Policy, 44(February), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.017
BoleyB. B.StrzeleckaM.WoosnamK. M. (2018). Resident perceptions of the económica benefits of tourism: Toward a common measure. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(8), 1295-1314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348018759056
10.
Borrini-FeyerabenhG.DudleyN.JaegerT.LassenB.PathakN.PhilipsA.SandwithT. (2013). Governance of protected areas: From understanding to action (Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series 20). IUCN.
11.
BrosdahlD. J. C.CarpenterJ. M. (2010). Consumer knowledge of the environmental impacts of textile and apparel production: Concern for the environment, and environmentally friendly consumption behavior. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management, 6(4), 1-9. https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/JTATM/article/view/854
12.
CacciuttoM.CorboY.CruzG.RoldanN.CastellucciD.BarbiniB. (2013). Percepciones de los residentes en destinos turísticos. Principales tendencias de abordaje e implicancias de la perspectiva socio-política [Perceptions of residents in tourist destinations: Main tendencies of approach and implications of the socio-political perspective]. Proceedings of Simposio de Investigación-Acción en Turismo, Ushuaia, Argentina.
13.
CalomardeJ. V. (2000). Marketing ecológico [Ecological marketing]. ESIC.
14.
CamposJ. A.GarcíaA.MarchanteA. (2018). Explaining tourists’ attitudes to environmental support: A multilevel approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 4(6), 978-1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1435667
15.
CamposM.BoadaM. (2007). Aplicación de la metodología del EUROSITE para la planificación de la gestión de espacios naturales a un caso mexicano [Application of the methodology of Eurosite for the planning of the management of natural spaces to a Mexican case]. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 45, 233-248. http://age.ieg.csic.es/boletin/45/10-aplicacion.pdf
16.
CapdepónM.RodríguezI.SuchM. P. (2012). El potencial de los parques naturales en el proceso de renovación de los destinos turísticos litorales maduros: el caso de la Comunidad Valenciana en España [The potential of natural parks in the renovation process of mature coastal tourist destinations: The case of the Valencian community in Spain]. Tourism & Management Studies, 8, 19-29.
17.
CarabiasJ.De la MazaJ.CadenaR. (2003). Capacidades necesarias para el manejo de áreas protegidas [Necessary capacities for the management of protected areas]. IUCN.
18.
CarminesE. G.ZellerR. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. Sage.
19.
CarvacheM.VíquezA. G.CarvacheO.PérezA.CarvacheW. (2019). Motivations, intentions to return and to recommend protected areas: A study in Costa Rica. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 24(4), 1173-1183. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.27405-424
20.
CayoN. E.ApazaA.YapuchuraC. R. (2019). Perception and tourism development in natural areas: The case of lake Titicaca. Investigación Valdizana, 13(4), 190-203.
21.
ChenJ. (2001). Assessing and visualizing tourism impacts from urban residents’ perspectives. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 25(3), 235-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/109634800102500301
22.
CordenteM.VillanuevaJ. J.MondéjarJ. A. (2014). Sustainability of nature: The power of the type of visitors. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 13(10), 2437-2447. https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2014.273
23.
CronbachL. J. (1990). Essentials of psychological testing (5th ed.). Harper & Row.
24.
DailyG. C. (Ed.). (1997). Nature’s service, societal dependence on natural ecosystems (4th ed.). Island Press.
25.
De la CruzR.SantanaA. (2012). El turismo de buceo en La Restinga (Islas Canarias) y L’Estartit (Cataluña): APMs, clasificaciones e impactos [Diving tourism in La Restinga (Canary Islands) and L’Estartit (Catalonian): APMs, classifications and impacts]. In BeltránO.PascualJ. J.VaccaroI. (Eds.), Patrimonialización de la naturaleza, el marco social de las políticas ambientales [Patrimonialization of nature, the social framework of environmental policies] (pp. 223-244). Ankulegi.
26.
DíazG.BeerliA. (2006). Ecologists, managers reluctant: Volitional and attitudinal three segments related to the performance of the tasks of home. Revista Europea de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, 15, 107-120.
27.
DickensC.SmakhtinV.McCartneyM.O’BrienG.DahirL. (2019). Defining and quantifying national-level targets, indicators and benchmarks for management of natural resources to achieve the sustainable development goals. Sustainability, 11(462), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020462
28.
DimitrakopoulosP. G.JonesN.IosifidesT.FlorokapiI.LasdaO.PaliourasF.EvangelinoK. I. (2010). Local attitudes on protected areas: Evidence from three natural 2000 wetland sites on Greece. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(9), 1847-1854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.04.010
29.
DonaireJ. A.MundetL. L. (2001). Estrategias de reconversión turística de los municipios litorales catalanes [Tourist reconversion strategies of the Catalan coastal municipalities]. Papers de Turisme, 29, 51-65. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=246268
30.
DyerP.GursoyD.SharmaB.CarterJ. (2007). Structural modelling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Tourism Management, 28(2), 409-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.002
Europarc-Spain. (2008). Procedimiento para la asignación de las categorías internacionales de manejo de áreas protegidas de la UICN [Procedure for the assignment of IUCN international categories of protected area management]. Fundación Fernando González.
33.
Europarc-Spain. (2017). Anuario 2016 del estado de las áreas protegidas en España [2016 yearbook of the state of protected areas in Spain]. Fundación Fernando González Bernáldez.
34.
FalkR. F.MillerN. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. The University of Akron Press.
35.
FerrariG.MondéjarJ.SecondiL. (2018). Tourists’ expenditure in Tuscany and its impact on the regional economic system. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171(January), 1437-1446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.121
36.
FerrariG.MondéjarJ.VargasM. (2010). Environmental sustainable management of small rural tourist enterprises. International Journal of Environmental Research, 4(3), 407-414. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijer.2010.4
37.
FerraroP.HanauerM. (2011). Protecting ecosystems and alleviating poverty with parks and reserves: “win-win” or tradeoffs?Environmental and Resource Economics, 48(2), 269-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-010-9408-z
38.
FloresD. (2008). Competitividad sostenible de los espacios naturales protegidos: Un análisis comparativo de los parques naturales Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche y Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas [Sustainable competitiveness of protected natural spaces: a comparative analysis of “Sierra de Aracena and Picos de Aroche” and “Sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Las Villas” natural parks]. Consejería de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte.
39.
FontX.CochraneJ.TapperR. (2004). Pay per nature view. Understanding tourism revenues for effective management plans. World Wide Fund for Nature.
40.
FornellC.LarckerD. (1981). Evaluating structural equations models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
41.
FoxG. (1991). Building support for environmental initiatives. Public Management, 73, 7-9.
42.
FrajE.GrandeI.MartínezE. (2003). The variables of attitude and knowledge as determinants of environmental performance. Investigación y Marketing, 77, 32-42.
43.
FrajE.MartínezE. (2005). The level of environmental knowledge as moderating factor of the relationship between attitude and ecological behavior. Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, 11(1), 223-243.
44.
GarcíaA.MondéjarJ.SánchezJ. L. (2019). Internet’s user perception of corporate social responsibility in hotel services. Sustainability, 11(10), Article 2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102916
45.
GarcíaO. (2009). La contribución de los espacios protegidos al desarrollo socioeconómico de las comunidades rurales: Aplicación al parque natural de Izki (Álava) [The contribution of protected areas to socio-economic development of rural communities. Application to the Izki natural park (Álava)] [Doctoral dissertation]. http://hdl.handle.net/10810/10379
46.
GilesE. L.BosworthG.WillettJ. (2013). The role of local perceptions in the marketing of rural areas. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(1), 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.11.004
47.
GuerreroI.ForondaC. (1998). Impactos medioambientales en un espacio protegido andaluz: el parque natural Sierra Norte de Sevilla [Environmental impacts in an Andalusian protected areas: The “Sierra Norte de Sevilla” natural park]. Proceedings of I Congreso de Ciencia Regional de Andalucía: Andalucía en el umbral del siglo XXI, Jeréz de la Frontera (Cádiz), Spain.
48.
Hirschnitz-GarbersM.Stoll-KleemannS. (2011). Opportunities and barriers in the implementation of protected area management: A qualitative meta-analysis of case studies from European protected areas. Geographical Journal, 177(4), 321-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2010.00391.x
49.
HulmeD.MurphreeM. (2001). African wildlife and livelihoods: The promise and performance of community conservation. David Philip.
50.
HungK.SirakayaE.IngramL. J. (2011). Testing the efficacy of an integrative model for community participation. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3), 276-288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510362781
51.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2017). Encuesta de ocupación en alojamientos de turismo rural [Occupancy survey in rural tourism accommodation]. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain).
JonesP.HillierD.ComfortC. (2014). Sustainability in the global hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2012-0180
KaiserF. G.DokaG.HofstetterP.RanneyM. A. (2003). Ecological behavior and its environmental consequences: A life cycle assessment of a self-report measure. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00075-0
56.
KaiserF. G.SchultzP. W.ScheuthleH. (2007). The theory of planned behavior without compatibility? Beyond method bias and past trivial associations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(7), 1522-1544. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00225.x
57.
KalantariK. H.AsadiA. (2010). Designing a structural model for explaining environmental attitude and behavior of urban residents (Case of Tehran). International Journal of Environment Research, 4(2), 309-320. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijer.2010.23
KoD. W.StewartW. (2002). A structural equation model of resident’s attitudes for tourism development. Tourism Management, 23(5), 521-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00006-7
LeeT. H. (2013). Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development. Tourism Management, 34(February), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.007
62.
LineN. D.CostenW. M. (2014). Nature-based tourism destinations: A dyadic approach. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41(3), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014538053
63.
LopoukhineN.CrawhallN.DudleyN.FiggisP.KaribuhoyeC.LaffoleyD.MirandaJ.MacKinnonK.SandwithT. (2012). Protected areas: Providing natural solutions to 21st century challenges. SAPIENS, 5(12), 117-131. https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/1254
64.
LuqueT.FaraoniN.DoñaL. (2019). Auditing the marketing and social media communication of natural protected areas: How marketing can contribute to the sustainability of tourism. Sustainability, 11(15), Article 4014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154014
65.
MaibachE. (1993). Social marketing for the environment: Using information campaigns to promote environmental awareness and behaviour change. Health Promotion International, 8(3), 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/8.3.209
66.
MartiniU.BuffaF.NotaroS. (2017). Community participation, natural resource management and the creation of innovative tourism products: Evidence from Italian networks of reserves in the Alps. Sustainability, 9(12), Article 2314. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122314
67.
MendigorriA. M. (2004). Iniciativas internacionales para la protección de espacios naturales: Un análisis crítico de su aplicación en España [International initiatives for the protection of natural spaces: A critical analysis of their application in Spain]. Doc. Anal. Geogr, 44, 167-187. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39021352.pdf
68.
Miteco. (2018). Informe anual 2017 [Annual report 2017]. Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica (Spain).
69.
Miteco. (2019). Banco de Datos de la Naturaleza (BDN) [Nature data bank (BDN)]. Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica (Spain).
70.
MolinaJ. F.ClaverE.PereiraJ.TaríJ. J. (2009). Environmental practices and firm performance: An empirical analysis in the Spanish hotel industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(5), 516-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.09.001
71.
MondéjarJ. A.GázquezJ. C.GómezM. A. (2013). The recreational use value in Spanish protected natural landscapes: Proposal for a nature park “Serranía de Cuenca.”International Journal of Environmental Research, 7(2), 337-342. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijer.2013.611
72.
MondéjarJ. A.SevillaC.GarcíaA. (2016). Environmental, social and economic dimension in the hotel industry and its relationship with consumer perception. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 15(7), 1519-1526. https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2016.163
73.
MooreK. R.CunninghamW. A. (1999). Social exchange behavior in logistics relationships: A shipper perspective. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 29(2), 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/09600039910264696
74.
NaidooP.SharpleyR. (2016). Local perceptions of the relative contributions of enclave tourism and agritourism to community well-being: The case of Mauritius. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.11.002
75.
NastranM. (2015). Why does nobody ask us? Impacts on local perception of a protected area in designation, Slovenia. Land Use Policy, 46(July), 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.02.001
76.
NicholasL.ThapaB.KoY. (2009). Residents’ perspective of a World Heritage Site: The Pitons Management Area, St. Lucia. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(3), 390-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.03.005
NjoleM. (2011). Tourism for sustainable local livelihoods and nature conservation: A case of Lake Manyara National Park. Wageningen University and Research Centre MSc MLE, Leisure, Tourism and Environment.
79.
NovelliD. M.ScarthA. (2007). Tourism in protected areas: Integrating conservation and community development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi). Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 4(1), 47-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790530701289697
80.
NunnallyJ. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
81.
Organización Mundial del Turismo (OMT). (2002). El mercado español del ecoturismo [The Spanish ecotourism market]. OMT.
82.
ParkC. W.LessigV. P. (1981). Familiarity and its impact on consumer decision biases and heuristics. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1086/208859
83.
PulidoJ. I. (2007). Elementos para orientar la formulación de una política turística sostenible en los parques naturales andaluces [Elements to guide the formulation of a sustainable tourism policy in Andalusian natural parks]. Cuadernos de Turismo, 19(1), 169-191.
84.
PulidoJ. I. (2009). Modelos para la gestión turística de parques naturales: Una propuesta para España [Models for the tourist management of natural parks. A proposal for Spain]. Papers de Turismo, 45(1), 21-39.
85.
RecinosM. (2003). Ecoturismo comunitario como alternativa económica de la Reserva del Hombre y la Biosfera del Río Plátano (Honduras) [Community ecotourism as an economic alternative to the Reserve of Man and the Biosphere of Río Plátano (Honduras)]. IUCN V World Parks Congress, Durban (South Africa).
86.
RiveraM.CroesR.LeeS. H. (2016). Tourism development and happiness: A residents’ perspective. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.04.002
87.
RobsonJ.RobsonI. (1996). From shareholders to stakeholders: Critical issues for tourism marketers. Tourism Management, 17(7), 533-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00070-2
88.
RodríguezD.LópezI. (2018). Effects of legal designation and management of a multiple-use protected area on local sustainability. Sustainability, 10(9), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093176
89.
RosaH. D.Da SilvaJ. M. (2005). From environmental ethics to nature conservation policy: Natura 2000 and the burden of proof. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 18(2), 107-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-005-0634-2
90.
RyanC.MontgomeryD. (1994). The attitudes of Bakewell residents to tourism and issues of community responsive tourism. Tourism Management, 15(5), 358-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(94)90090-6
91.
SchelegelmilchB.BohlenG.DiamantopoulosA. (1996). The link between green purchasing decisions and measures of environmental consciousness. European Journal of Marketing, 30(5), 35-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569610118740
92.
SegarraM. V.MondéjarJ.PeiróA.MondéjarJ. A. (2015). Heterogeneous behavioral patterns influencing the proactive environmental orientation of firms: How does your company look?Innovation, 17(1), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2015.1012187
SirivongsK.TsuchiyaT. (2012). Relationship between local residents’ perceptions, attitudes and participation towards national protected areas: A case study of Phou Khao Khouay National Protected Area, Central Lao PDR. Forest Policy and Economics, 21(August), 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2012.04.003
95.
SongJ.ParkeC.HanS. (2014). The effects of hotel corporate social responsibility (CSR) with brand image and purchasing intention: Focused on the customers of deluxe hotel in Seoul. Journal of Tourism Management Research, 18, 255-276.
96.
StylidisD. (2018). Residents’ place image: A cluster analysis and its links to place attachment and support for tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 1007-1026. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1435668
97.
SuL.HuangS.HuangJ. (2018). Effects of destination social responsibility and tourism impacts on residents’ Support for tourism and perceived quality of life. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(7), 1039-1057. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348016671395
98.
TolónA.LastraX. (2008). Los espacios naturales protegidos. Concepto, evolución y situación actual en España [Protected natural spaces. Concept, evolution and current situation in Spain]. Revista electrónica de Medio Ambiente, 5, 1-25.
99.
TörnA.SiikamäkiP.TolvanenA.KauppilaP.RämetJ. (2008). Local people, nature conservation, and tourism in North-eastern Finland. Ecology and Society, 13(1), 8-25. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02202-130108
100.
TosunC. (1998). Roots of unsustainable tourism development at the local level: The case of Ürgüp in Turkey. Tourism Management, 19(6), 595-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00068-5
101.
Udaya SekharN. (2003). Local people’s attitudes towards conservation and wildlife tourism around Sariska Tiger Reserve, India. Journal of Environmental Management, 69(4), 339-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2003.09.002
102.
VacasT. (2005). Los espacios naturales protegidos: Figuras de protección en España [Protected natural spaces: Protection figures in Spain]. Proceedings of XIX Congreso de Geógrafos Españoles: Espacios públicos, espacios privados, Cantabria (Spain).
103.
VargasA.PorrasN.PlazaM. A. (2014). Residents’ attitude to tourism and seasonality. Journal of Travel Research, 53(5), 581-596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513506295
104.
VodouheF.CoulibalyO.AdegbidiA.SinsinB. (2010). Community perception of biodiversity conservation within protected areas in Benin. Forest Policy and Economics, 12(7), 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2010.06.008
Yeo-ChangY. (2009). Use of forest resources, traditional forest related knowledge and livelihood of forest dependent communities: Cases in South Korea. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(10), 2027-2034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.054
