In the literature, it is highlighted that the deterministic nature of the data envelopment analysis–based productivity measures makes them sensitive to sample characteristics. However, the majority of the related empirical studies ignore the potential bias in their data envelopment analysis–based productivity estimations. This article illustrates how the order-α quantile-type estimators can be applied to construct a robust version of the Malmquist productivity indices. Using the order-α estimators, we construct a Malmquist productivity index alongside with two well-known decompositions. The proposed productivity indicator is less sensitive to potential outliers and extreme values. Then, as an illustrative example, we apply the quantile-type productivity index on a sample of 270 hotels operating in the Balearic Islands over the period 2004-2013. The productivity levels alongside with their components are analyzed during the global financial crisis period.
AssafA. G.AgbolaF. W. (2011). Total productivity in the Australian hotel industry: Estimating and bootstrapping Malmquist indice. Tourism Analysis, 16(3), 295-304. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354211X13110944387121
2.
AssafA. G.AgbolaF. W. (2014). Efficiency analysis of the Australian accommodation industry: A Bayesian output distance function. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 38(1), 116-132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012451459
3.
AssafA. G.BarrosC. (2011). Performance analysis of the Gulf hotel industry: A Malmquist index with bias correction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 819-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.01.002
4.
AssafA. G.DeeryM.JagoL. (2011). Evaluating the performance and scale characteristics of the Australian restaurant industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 35(4), 419-436. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010380598
5.
AssafA. G.JosiassenA. (2016). Frontier analysis: A state-of-the-art review and meta-analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 55(5), 612-627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287515569776
6.
AssafA. G.MatawieK. M. (2009). A two-stage approach to efficiency modeling: An application to the Australian hospital food production industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 33(3), 284-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348009338510
AssafA. G.TsionasM. (2018b). Measuring hotel performance: Toward more rigorous evidence in both scope and methods. Tourism Management, 69(), 69-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.008
9.
BaidalJ. A. I.SánchezI. R.RebolloJ. F. V. (2013). The evolution of mass tourism destinations: New approaches beyond deterministic models in Benidorm (Spain). Tourism Management, 34, 184-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.04.009
10.
BarrosC. A. P. (2005a). Evaluating the efficiency of a small hotel chain with a Malmquist productivity index. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(3), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.529
BarrosC. A. P.AlvesF. P. (2004). Productivity in the tourism industry. International Advances in Economic Research, 10(2), 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296216
13.
BarrosC. A. P.SantosC. A. (2006). The measurement of efficiency in Portuguese hotels using data envelopment analysis. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 30(3), 378-400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348006286798
14.
BrownJ. R.RagsdaleC. T. (2002). The competitive market efficiency of hotel brands: An application of data envelopment analysis. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 26(4), 332-360. https://doi.org/10.1177/109634802237483
15.
CampoS.DíazA. M.YagüeM. J. (2014). Hotel innovation and performance in times of crisis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(8), 1292-1311. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2013-0373
CharlesV.AparicioJ.ZhuJ. (2019). The curse of dimensionality of decision-making units: A simple approach to increase the discriminatory power of data envelopment analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 279(3), 929-940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.06.025
18.
ChatzimichaelK.LiasidouS. (2019). A parametric decomposition of hotel-sector productivity growth. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76(Part A), 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.010
19.
CorderoJ. M.TzeremesN. G. (2017). Evaluating hotel productivity growth in Balearic and Canary Islands. Tourism Economics, 23(5), 1146-1154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816616683051
20.
DaouiaA.SimarL. (2007). Nonparametric efficiency analysis: A multivariate conditional quantile approach. Journal of Econometrics, 140(2), 375-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2006.07.002
21.
DaraioC.SimarL. (2005). Introducing environmental variables in nonparametric frontier models: A probabilistic approach. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 24(1), 93-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11123-005-3042-8
22.
DaraioC.SimarL. (2007). Advanced robust and nonparametric methods in efficiency analysis: Methodology and applications. Springer Science & Business Media.
23.
DaraioC.SimarL. (2014). Directional distances and their robust versions: Computational and testing issues. European Journal of Operational Research, 237(1), 358-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.01.064
24.
DevesaM. J. S.PeñalverL. F. M. (2013). Research note: Size, efficiency and productivity in the Spanish hotel industry: Independent properties versus chain-affiliated hotels. Tourism Economics, 19(4), 801-809. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0320
25.
DolasinskiM. J.RobertsC.ZhengT. (2019). Measuring hotel channel mix: A DEA-BSC model. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(2), 188-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348018789741
26.
DysonR. G.AllenR.CamanhoA. S.PodinovskiV. V.SarricoC. S.ShaleE. A. (2001). Pitfalls and protocols in DEA. European Journal of Operational Research, 132(2), 245-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00149-1
FäreR.GrosskopfS.LindgrenB.RoosP. (1992). Productivity changes in Swedish pharmacies 1980-1989: A non-parametric Malmquist approach. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3(1-2), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00158770
29.
FäreR.GrosskopfS.LindgrenB.RoosP. (1994). Productivity developments in Swedish hospitals: A Malmquist output index approach. In Data envelopment analysis: Theory, methodology, and applications (pp. 253-272). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0637-5_13
30.
FäreR.GrosskopfS.NorrisM.ZhangZ. (1994). Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries. American Economic Review, 84(1), 66-83.
31.
FernándezM. A.BecerraR. (2015). An analysis of Spanish hotel efficiency. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 56(3), 248-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965513509877
32.
FiordelisiF.GalloppoG.RicciO. (2014). The effect of monetary policy interventions on interbank markets, equity indices and G-SIFIs during financial crisis. Journal of Financial Stability, 11, 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2013.12.002
33.
GarayL.CánovesG. (2011). Life cycles, stages and tourism history: The Catalonia (Spain) experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 651-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.006
Guisado-GonzálezM.Guisado-TatoM.Sandoval-PérezÁ. (2013). Determinants of innovation performance in Spanish hospitality companies: Analysis of the coexistence of innovation strategies. Service Industries Journal, 33(6), 580-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2011.614343
36.
HwangS. N.ChangT. Y. (2003). Using data envelopment analysis to measure hotel managerial efficiency change in Taiwan. Tourism Management, 24(4), 357-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00112-7
37.
KularatneT.WilsonC.MånssonJ.HoangV.LeeB. (2019). Do environmentally sustainable practices make hotels more efficient? A study of major hotels in Sri Lanka. Tourism Management, 71, 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.009
38.
LovellC. K. (2003). The decomposition of Malmquist productivity indexes. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 20(3), 437-458. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027312102834
39.
LundbergC. C. (1990). Productivity enhancement through managing the service encounter. Hospitality Research Journal, 14(3), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/109634809101400307
40.
MattssonJ.Orfila-SintesF. (2014). Hotel innovation and its effect on business performance. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(4), 388-398. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1933
41.
Orfila-SintesF.Crespí-CladeraR.Martínez-RosE. (2005). Innovation activity in the hotel industry: Evidence from Balearic Islands. Tourism Management, 26(6), 851-865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.05.005
42.
OrtegaB.ChicónC. G. B. (2013). Determinants of regional labour productivity in the hospitality industry in Spain, 1996-2004. Tourism Economics, 19(2), 393-414. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0208
43.
PikeS. (2010). Destination branding case study: Tracking brand equity for an emerging destination between 2003 and 2007. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 34(1), 124-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348009349820
44.
PodinovskiV. V.IsmailI.Bouzdine-ChameevaT.ZhangW. (2014). Combining the assumptions of variable and constant returns to scale in the efficiency evaluation of secondary schools. European Journal of Operational Research, 239(2), 504-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.05.016
45.
RayS. C.DesliE. (1997). Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries: Comment. American Economic Review, 87(5), 1033-1039.
46.
SainaghiR.De CarloM.d’AngellaF. (2019). Development of a tourism destination: Exploring the role of destination capabilities. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(4), 517-543. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348018810388
47.
SerraT.LansinkA. O. (2014). Measuring the impacts of production risk on technical efficiency: A state-contingent conditional order-m approach. European Journal of Operational Research, 239(1), 237-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.05.020
48.
ShephardR. W. (1970). Theory of cost and production functions. Princeton University Press.
SimarL.WilsonP. W. (2007). Estimation and inference in two-stage, semi-parametric models of production processes. Journal of Econometrics, 136(1), 31-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.07.009
StylosN.BellouV.AndronikidisA.VassiliadisC. A. (2017). Linking the dots among destination images, place attachment, and revisit intentions: A study among British and Russian tourists. Tourism Management, 60(June), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.11.006
53.
StylosN.VassiliadisC. A.BellouV.AndronikidisA. (2016). Destination images, holistic images and personal normative beliefs: Predictors of intention to revisit a destination. Tourism Management, 53(April), 40-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.006
54.
TasciA. D.GartnerW. C.Tamer CavusgilS. (2007). Conceptualization and operationalization of destination image. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 31(2), 194-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348006297290
55.
TzeremesN. G. (2019). Hotel productivity: A robust Luenberger productivity indicator. Tourism Economics, 25(6), 987-996. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816618821271
56.
WalheerB.ZhangL. (2018). Profit Luenberger and Malmquist-Luenberger indexes for multi-activity decision-making units: The case of the star-rated hotel industry in China. Tourism Management, 69(December), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.003
57.
WheelockD. C.WilsonP. W. (1999). Technical progress, inefficiency, and productivity change in US banking, 1984-1993. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 31(2), 212-234. https://doi.org/10.2307/2601230
58.
WheelockD. C.WilsonP. (2003). Robust nonparametric estimation of efficiency and technical change in US commercial banking. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Working Paper Series (2003-037). https://doi.org/10.20955/wp.2003.037
59.
WheelockD. C.WilsonP. W. (2013). The evolution of cost-productivity and efficiency among US credit unions. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(1), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.08.003
60.
WilsonP. W. (2018). Dimension reduction in nonparametric models of production. European Journal of Operational Research, 267(1), 349-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2017.11.020
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
