Adventure tourism activities are deeply connected with risk situations. Therefore, adequate risk management has to be a necessary part of this segment of tourism. A nature-based solution is seen as a very effective approach here. Using the form of an autoethnographic case study and feedback from participants’ interviews and mind maps, the article discusses the possibilities that snowshoeing and winter camping provide. This developing sport, recreation, and tourism should be classified as adventure tourism (mode of experiencing) and nature based tourism (traveling to natural environment). Climatic conditions, particularly severe frost, during the 2-week journey in Siberia greatly affected the choices and risk management of the group. Changes in the originally planned route according to weather conditions and possible reduction of risk may become examples of a NBS.
AndersonL. (2011). Time is of the essence: An analytic autoethnography of family, work, and serious leisure. Symbolic Interaction, 34(2), 133-157. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2011.34.2.133
BaileyA. W.KangH. K.LewisT. G. (2017). Outdoor recreation and adventure tourism: Unique but allied industries. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 9(2), 244-247. https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2017-v9-i2-8262
BrownM.FraserD. (2009). Re-evaluating risk and exploring educational alternatives. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 9(1), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729670902789529
7.
BrowningR. C.KurtzR. N.KerherveH. (2012). Biomechanics of walking with snowshoes. Sports Biomechanics, 11(1), 73-84.
8.
BuckleyR. (2012). Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: Resolving the risk recreation paradox. Tourism Management, 33(4), 961-970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.10.002
9.
CariñanosP.Casares-PorcelM.Díaz de la GuardiaC.AiraM. J.BelmonteJ.BoiM.Elvira-RenduelesB.De LinaresC.Fernández-RodriguezS.Maya-ManzanoJ. M.Pérez-BadíaR.Rodriguez-delaCruzD.Rodríguez-RajoF. J.Rojo-ÚbedaJ.Romero-ZarcoC.Sánchez-ReyesE.Sánchez-SánchezJ.Tormo-MolinaR.Vega MarayA. M. (2017). Assessing allergenicity in urban parks: A nature-based solution to reduce the impact on public health. Environmental Research, 155(May), 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.015
10.
CaterC. I. (2006). Playing with risk? Participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism. Tourism Management, 27(2), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.005
ConnollyD. A. J.HenkinJ. A.TyzbirR. S. (2002). Changes in selected fitness parameters following six weeks of snowshoe training. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 42(1), 14-18.
13.
CsikszentmihalyiM. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety: Experiencing flow in work and play. Jossey-Bass.
14.
CusterD. (2014). Autoethnography as a transformative research method. Qualitative Report, 19(37), 1-13.
EllisC. S.BochnerA. (2000). Autoethnography, personal narrative, reflexivity: Researcher as subject. In DenzinN.LincolnY. (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research (pp. 733-768). Sage.
European Commission. (2016). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of The Regions Next Steps for a Sustainable European future: European Action for Sustainability: COM/2016/0739 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2016%3A739%3AFIN
19.
EwertA. W. (2001). Playing the edge: Motivation and risk taking in high-altitude wilderness-like environment. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 6(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.7771/2327-2937.1016
20.
FaivreN.FritzM.FreitasT.de BoissezonB.VandewoestijneS. (2017). Nature-based solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges. Environmental Research, 159(November), 509-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032
FossgardK.FredmanP. (2019). Dimensions in the nature-based tourism experiencescape: An explorative analysis. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 28(December), Article 100219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2019.04.001
23.
FringsM. S. (1972). The “Ordo Amoris” in Max Scheler. In SmithF. J.EngE. (Eds.), Facets of Eros (pp. 40-60). Springer.
GulsrudN. M.HertzogK.ShearsI. (2018). Innovative urban forestry governance in Melbourne? Investigating “green placemaking” as a nature-based solution. Environmental Research, 161(February), 158-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.005
26.
HaegeliP.Pröbstl-HaiderU. (2016). Research on personal risk in outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 13(April), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2016.02.001
27.
HanB.-C. (2015). The burnout society. Stanford University Press.
28.
HanH.HyunS. S. (2018). Green indoor and outdoor environment as nature-based solution and its role in increasing customer/employee mental health, well-being, and loyalty. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(4), 629-641. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2269
29.
HattieJ.MarchH. W.NeillJ. T.RichardsG. E. (1997). Adventure education and Outward Bound: Out-of-class experiences that make a lasting difference. Review of Educational Research, 67(1), 43-87. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543067001043
30.
JirásekI.DvořáčkováA. (2016). The development of group connectedness and sense of community during a twelve-day winter journey on snowshoes: Non-formal education through the Czech Outward Bound course. IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE: Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology, 16(1), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.14589/ido.16.1.5
31.
JirásekI.JiráskováM.MajewskáP.BolckováM. (2017). Experiencing spiritual aspects outdoors in the winter: A case study from the Czech Republic using the method of systemic constellations. British Journal of Religious Education, 39(2), 122-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2014.984586
32.
JirásekI.PlevováI.JiráskováM.DvořáčkováA. (2016). Experiential and outdoor education: The participant experience shared through mind maps. Studies in Continuing Education, 38(3), 334-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2016.1141762
33.
JirásekI.SvobodaJ. (2015). Putování a smysl života: Proměna člověka v zimní přírodě [Peregrination and meaning of life: Transformation of human being in winter nature]. Univerzita Palackého.
34.
JirásekI.SvobodaJ. (2016). Non-religious peregrination and meaning of life: Transformation of human being in winter nature. Scholars’ Press.
KabischN.FrantzeskakiN.PauleitS.NaumannS.DavisM.ArtmannM.HasseD.KnappS.KornH.StadlerJ.ZaunbergerK.BonnA. (2016). Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas: Perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action. Ecology and Society, 21(2), Article 39. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08373-210239
37.
KnapikJ. J.HickeyC.OrtegaS.de PontbriandR. (2002). Energy cost during locomotion across snow: A comparison of four types of snowshoes with snowshoe design considerations. Work, 18(2), 171-177.
38.
LebermanS. I.MartinA. (2003). Does pushing comfort zones produce peak learning experiences?Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 7(1), 10-19.
39.
LeeT. H. (2009). A structural model to examine how destination image, attitude, and motivation affect the future behavior of tourists. Leisure Sciences, 31(3), 215-236. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400902837787
40.
LillquistK. (2013). The post-World War II origin and evolution of mountain snowshoes and mountain snowshoeing in North America. Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, 75, 140-166. https://doi.org/10.1353/pcg.2013.0004
41.
LineN. D.CostenW. M. (2017). Nature-based tourism destinations: A dyadic approach. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41(3), 278-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014538053
42.
LyngS. (1990). Edgework: A social psychological analysis of voluntary risk taking. American Journal of Sociology, 95(4), 851-886. https://doi.org/10.1086/229379
43.
MackenzieS. H. (2015). Using emerging methodologies to examine adventure recreation and tourism experiences: A critical analysis. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 7(2), 173-175. https://doi.org/10.18666/JOREL-2015-V7-I2-7013
44.
MaslowA. H. (1994). Religions, values, and peak-experiences. Penguin Books.
45.
MehmetogluM. (2007). Typologising nature-based tourists by activity: Theoretical and practical implications. Tourism Management, 28(3), 651-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.02.006
46.
MertonR. K. (1972). Insiders and outsiders: A chapter in the sociology of knowledge. American Journal of Sociology, 78(1), 9-47. https://doi.org/10.2307/2776569
47.
NyaupaneG. P.MoraisD. B.GraefeA. R. (2004). Nature tourism constraints: A cross-activity comparison. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 540-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.006
48.
PiffP. K.DietzeP.FeinbergM.StancatoD. M.KeltnerD. (2015). Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(6), 883-899. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000018
RaymondC. M.FrantzeskakiN.KabischN.BerryP.BreilM.NitaM. R.GenelettiD.CalfapietraC. (2017). A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas. Environmental Science & Policy, 77(November), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.07.008
53.
SallisJ. F.BullF.GutholdR.HeathG. W.InoueS.KellyP.OyeyemiA. L.PerezL. G.RichardsJ.HallalP. C. (2016). Progress in physical activity over the Olympic quadrennium. Lancet, 388(10051), 1325-1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30581-5
54.
SandM.GrossS. (2019). Tourism research on adventure tourism: Current themes and developments. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 28(December), 100261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2019.100261
55.
SchelerM. (1973). Ordo Amoris: In his selected philosophical essays (LachtermanD. R., Ed., & Trans.). Northwestern University Press.
56.
SchneiderP. L.PorcariJ. P.EricksonJ. D. A.FosterC.BriceG.FreemanA. (2001). Physiological responses to recreational snowshoeing. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 4(3), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-00690
57.
SibthorpJ.RichmondD. (2016). Adventure education: Crucible, catalyst and inexact. In HumberstoneB.PrinceH.HendersonK. A. (Eds.), Routledge international handbook of outdoor studies (pp. 207-216). Routledge.
58.
SlovicP.FinucaneM. L.PetersE.MacGregorD. G. (2004). Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: Some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Analysis, 24(2), 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x
59.
SparkesA. C. (2000). Autoethnography and narratives of self: Reflections on criteria in action. Sociology of Sport Journal, 17(1), 21-43. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.17.1.21
60.
StringerL. A.McAvoyL. H. (1992). The need for something different: Spirituality and wilderness adventure. Journal of Experiential Education, 15(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/105382599201500103
61.
SungH. Y.MorrisonA. M.O’LearyJ. T. (2000). Segmenting the adventure travel market by activities: From the North American industry providers’ perspective. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 9(4), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v09n04_01
62.
TangC.-H.JangS. (2012). Hedging weather risk in nature-based tourism business: An example of ski resorts. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36(2), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010388655
63.
VarleyP. (2006). Confecting adventure and playing with meaning: The adventure commodification continuum. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(2), 173-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080601155217
64.
VujcicM.Tomicevic-DubljevicJ.GrbicM.Lecic-TosevskiD.VukovicO.ToskovicO. (2017). Nature based solution for improving mental health and well-being in urban areas. Environmental Research, 158(October), 385-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.030
65.
WangJ.Liu-LastresB.RitchieB. W.PanD.-Z. (2019). Risk reduction and adventure tourism safety: An extension of the risk perception attitude framework (RPAF). Tourism Management, 74(October), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.03.012
WilsonS. (1977). The use of ethnographic techniques in educational research. Review of Educational Research, 47(1), 245-265. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543047002245
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
