Studies of new employees’ socialization have largely concentrated on met and unmet expectations and their associated socialization outcomes. Academic researchers have suggested that interaction of the nature of leader-member exchange (LMX) and team-member exchange (TMX) between newcomers and their social and organizational contexts during the assimilation process should be examined. However, few studies have focused on the moderating factors that are expected to link the relationship between unmet expectations and socialization outcomes. The objective of the study is to explore the underlying job motivation factors and to determine the hypothesized moderating effects of TMX and LMX on the socialization outcomes. A sample of 417 new employees in hotels, travel agencies, and airlines in Hong Kong responded to a self-administered questionnaire. The results show that TMX produced a moderating effect on organizational commitment and LMX on turnover intentions. Implications for developing good interrelationships between coworkers are discussed.
Borchgrevink, C. P., & Boster, F. J. (1994). Leader-member exchange: A test of the measurement model. Hospitality Research Journal, 17(3), 75-100.
2.
Cheng, K. H. (1980). Workers and their job attitudes: Exploratory studies of young factory workers [in Chinese]. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, 26, 1-170.
3.
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression∕correlation analysis for the behavioral science. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
4.
Dunnette, M. D., Arvey, R. D., & Banas, P. A. (1973). Why do they leave?Personnel, 50, 25-39.
5.
Easterby-Smith, M., Malina, D., & Lu, Y. (1995). How culture-sensitive is HRM? A comparative analysis of practice in Chinese and UK companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(1), 31-59.
6.
Evans, M. G. (1991). The problem of analyzing multiplicative composites: Interactions revisited. American Psychologist, 46, 6-15.
7.
Farh, L. L., Tsui, A. S., Xin, K., & Cheng, B. S. (1998). The influence of relational demography and guanxi: The Chinese case. Organizational Science, 9(4), 471-488.
8.
Feldman, D. C. (1976). A contingency theory of socialization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 433-452.
9.
Gabrenya, W. K., Jr., & Hwang, K. K. (1996). Chinese social interaction: Harmony and hierarchy on the good earth. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 280-293). Hong Kong, P.R.C.: Oxford University Press.
10.
Gao, G. (1994, July). Self and other: A Chinese perspective on interpersonal relationships. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Sydney, Australia.
11.
Graen, G. B., Novak, M., & Sommerkamp, P. (1982). The effects of leader-member exchange and job design on productivity and job satisfaction: Testing a dual attachment model. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, 109-131.
12.
Graen, G. B., Orris, J. B., & Johnson, T. (1973). Role assimilation processes in a complex organization. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 3, 395-420.
13.
Graen, G. B., & Scandura, T. A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 9, pp. 175-208). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
14.
Graen, G. B., Wakabayashi, M., Graen, M. R., & Graen, M. G. (1990). International generalizability of American hypotheses about Japanese management progress: A strong inference investigation. Leadership Quarterly, 1(1), 1-23.
15.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work design. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
16.
Hair, J. F., Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
17.
Hellman, C. M., Witt, L. A., & Hilton, T. F. (1993, April). Member-team exchange quality and commitment to a matrix team. Paper presented at the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Francisco.
18.
Hughes, E. C. (1958). Men and their work. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
19.
Hwang, K. K. (1987). Face and face: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 944-974.
20.
Hwang, K. K. (1990). Modernization of the Chinese family business. International Journal of Psychology, 25, 593-618.
21.
Jones, G. R. (1983). Psychological orientation and the process of organizational socialization: An interactionist perspective. Academy of Management Review, 8, 464-474.
22.
Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Doherty, M. L. (1989). Integration of climate and leadership: Examination of a neglected issue. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 546-553.
23.
Law, K. S., Wong, C. S., Wang, D. X., & Wang, L. H. (2000, August). Effect of supervisor-subordinate guanxi on supervisory decisions in China: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(4), 751-765.
24.
Leung, K. (1996). The role of beliefs in Chinese culture. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 280-293). Hong Kong, P.R.C.: Oxford University Press.
25.
Louis, M. R. (1980, June). Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 226-250.
26.
Louis, M. R., Posner, B. Z., & Powell, G. N. (1983). The availability and helpfulness of socialization practices. Personnel Psychology, 36, 857-866.
27.
Lundberg, C. C., & Young, C. A. (1997). Newcomer socialization: Critical incidents in hospitality organizations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 21(2).
28.
Major, D. A., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (1991, April). Organizational socialization: The effects of newcomer, coworker, and supervisor proaction. Paper presented at the Sixth Annual Conference of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, St. Louis, MO.
29.
Major, D. A., Kozlowski, S. W. J., Chao, G. T., & Gardner, P. D. (1995). A longitudinal investigation of newcomer expectations, early socialization outcomes, and the moderating effects of role development factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(3), 419-431.
30.
McCleary, K. W., & Weaver, P. A. (1988, February). The job offer: What today’s graduates want. Cornell HRA Quarterly, 28(4), 28-31.
31.
Miller, V. D., & Jablin, F. M. (1991). Information seeking during organizational entry: Influences, tactics, and a model of the process. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 92-120.
32.
Morrison, E. W. (1993). Longitudinal study of the effects of information seeking on newcomer socialization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 173-183.
33.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
34.
Ostroff, C., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (1989, April). Information acquisition in the organizational socialization of newcomers. Paper presented at the Fourth Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Boston.
35.
Ostroff, C., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (1992). Organizational socialization as a learning process: The role of information acquisition. Personnel Psychology, 45, 849-874.
36.
Porter, L. W., & Smith, F. J. (1970). The etiology of organizational commitment. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Irvine.
37.
Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1973). Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin, 80(2), 151-176.
38.
Reichers, A. E. (1987). An interactionist perspective on newcomer socialization rates. Academy of Management Review, 12, 278-287.
39.
Sapsford, R., & Jupp, V. (1996). Data collection and analysis. London: Sage.
40.
Scandura, T. A., & Graen, G. B. (1984). Moderating effects of initial leader-member exchange status on the effects of a leadership intervention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 428-436.
41.
Scarpello, V., & Campbell, J. P. (1983). Job satisfaction: Are all the parts there?Personnel Psychology, 26, 577-600.
42.
Schneider, B., & Reichers, A. E. (1983). On the etiology of climates. Personnel Psychology, 36, 19-39.
43.
Seers, A. (1989). Team-member exchange quality: A new construct for role-making research. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43, 118-135.
44.
Smith, P. B., Misumi, J., Tayeb, M., Peterson, M. F., & Bond, M. H. (1989). On the generality of leadership styles across cultures. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 97-110.
45.
Sparrowe, R. T. (1994). Empowerment in the hospitality industry: An exploration of antecedents and outcomes. Hospitality Research Journal, 17(3), 51-73.
46.
Steers, R. M. (1977). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46-56.
47.
Van de Ven, A. H., & Ferry, P. L. (1980). Measuring and assessing organizations. New York: John Wiley.
48.
Van Dijk, J., Mayhew, P., & Killias, M. (1990). Experiences of crime across the world. New York: John Wiley.
49.
Van Maanen, J. (1975). Police socialization: A longitudinal examination of job attitudes in an urban police department. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, 207-228.
50.
Wanous, J. P., Poland, T. D., Premack, S. L., & Davis, K. S. (1992). The effects of met expectations on newcomer attitudes and behaviors: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 288-297.
51.
Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997). Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures?Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 247-252.
52.
Wilhelm, C. C., Herd, A. M., & Steiner, D. D. (1993). Attributional conflict between managers and subordinates: An investigation of leader-member exchange effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(6), 531-544.
53.
Yang, K. S. (1992). Do traditional and modern values coexist in a modern Chinese society? [in Chinese]. In Proceedings of the Conference on Chinese Perspectives on Values (pp. 117-158). Taipei, Taiwan: Center for Sinological Studies.
