Al-Mansouri, S., K. F. Tabbara, and E. Rask-Pedersen. 1994. Lubrithal® (Leo viscous eye gel), precorneal residence time in normal and dry eyes. Documenta Ophthalmol.88:187–194.
2.
Amin, P. D., P. P. Bhogte, and M. A. Deshpande. 1996. Studies on gel tears. Drug Development Industr. Pharmacy22:735–739.
3.
Bernkop-Schnürch, A., and B. Gilge. 2000. Anionic mucoadhesive polymers as auxiliary agents for the peroral administration of (poly)peptide drugs: Influence of the gastric juice. Drug Dev. Industr. Pharmacy26:107–113.
4.
BFGoodrich.1999a. Material Safety Data Sheet: Carbopol 934. Cleveland, OH: BFGoodrich Performance Materials.
5.
BFGoodrich.1999b. Material Safety Data Sheet: Carbopol 941. Cleveland, OH: BFGoodrich Performance Materials.
6.
BFGoodrich.1999c. Material Safety Data Sheet: Carbopol 940. Cleveland, OH: BFGoodrich Performance Materials.
7.
Bower, D. 1999. Unpublished information on hair spray particle size provided at the September 9, 1999 CIR Expert Panel meeting.2
8.
Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA). 2001. Concentration of use information. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA, December 17, 2001.2
9.
Elder, R. L., ed. 1982. Final report on the safety assessment of Carbomers-934, -910, -934P, -940, -941, and -962. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol.1:109–141.
10.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2002. IRIS Summary for Benzene. Last revised 1/19/2000. www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0276.htm
11.
Food and Drug Administration.2001. Frequency of use of cosmetic ingredients. FDA database.Washington: FDA.
12.
Gionchetti, P., F. Rizzello, A. Venturi, et al.1997. Long-term efficacy of bismuth carbomer enemas in patients with treatment-resistant chronic pouchitis. Aliment Pharmacol. Ther.11:673–678.
13.
Green, J. T., G. A. O. Thomas, J. Rhodes, et al. 1997. Pharmacokinetics of nicotine carbomer enemas: A new treatment for ulcerative colitis. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.61:340–348.
14.
Gurtler, F., V. Kaltsatos, B. Boisramé, and R. Gurny. 1996. Development of a novel soluble ophthalmic insert: Evaluation of ocular tolerance in rabbits. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.42:393–398.
15.
Hutton, D. A., P. P. Pearson, A. Allen, and S. N. E. Foster. 1990. Mucolysis of the colonic mucus barrier by faecal proteinases: Inhibition by interacting polyacrylate. Clin. Sci.78:265–271.
16.
Jani, R., O. Gan, Y. Ali, R. Rodstrom, and S. Hancock. 1994. Ion exchange resins for ophthalmic delivery. J. Ocul. Pharm.10:57–67.
17.
Jensen, P. A., and D. O'Brien. 1993. Industrial Hygiene. In Aerosol measurement. Principles techniques and applications, ed. K. Willeke and P. A. Baron, 538–540. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
18.
Leopold, C. S., and D. Eikeler. 1998. Eudragit® E as coating material for the pH-controlled drug release in the topical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J. Drug Targeting6:85–94.
19.
Lueßen, H. L., B. J. de Leeuw, M. W. E. Langmeyer, A. G. de Boer, J. C. Verhoef, and H. E. Junginger. 1996a. Mucoadhesive polymers in perioral peptide drug delivery. VI. carbomer and chitosan improve the intestinal absorption of the peptide drug Buserelin in vivo. Pharmaceut. Res.13:1668–1672.
20.
Lueßen, H. L., B. J. de Leeuw, D. Pérard, C. M. Lehr, A. G. de Boer, J. C. Verhoef, and H. E. Junginger. 1996b. Mucoadhesive polymers in peroral peptide drug delivery. I. influence of mucoadhesive excipients to the proteolytic activity of intestinal enzymes. Eur. J. Pharmaceut. Sci.4:117–128.
21.
Lueßen, H. K., J. C. Verhoef, G. Borchard, C. M. Lehr, A. G. de Boer, and H. E. Junginger. 1995. Mucoadhesive polymers in peroral peptide drug delivery. II. carbomer and polycarbophil are potent inhibitors of the intestinal proteolytic enzyme trypsin. Pharmaceut. Res.12:1293–1298.
22.
McGrath, J. J., L. Purkiss, M. Christian, N. H. Proctor, and W. R. McGrath. 1993. Teratology study of a cross-linked polyacrylate superabsorbent polymer. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol.12:127–137.
23.
Mumford, J. A., H. Wilson, D. Hannant, and D. M. Jessett. 1994. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of equine influenza vaccines containing a Carbomer adjuvant. Epidemiol. Infect.112:421–437.
24.
Nolen, G. A., Monroe, C. D.Hassall, J. Iavicoli, R. A. Jamieson, and G. P. Daston. 1989. Studies of the developmental toxicology of polycarboxylate dispersing agents. Drug Chem. Toxicol.12:95–110.
25.
Ozeki, T., H. Yuasa, and Y. Kanaya. 2000. Controlled release from solid dispersion composed of poly(ethylene oxide)-Carbopol® interpolymer complex with various cross-linking degrees of Carbopol®. J. Controlled Release63:287–295.
26.
Pepe, R. C., A. A. Wenninger, and G. N. McEwen, Jr., eds. 2002. International cosmetic ingredient dictionary and handbook, 9th ed.Washington, DC: CTFA.
27.
Realdon, N., E. Ragazzi, M. D. Zotto, and G. D. Fini. 1998. Possibilities of conveying a cationic drug in carbomer hydrogels. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharmacy24:337–343.
28.
Singla, A. K., M. Chawla, and A. Singh. 2000. Potential applications of carbomer in oral mucoadhesive controlled drug delivery system: A review. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharmacy26:913–924.
29.
Van Bijsterveld, O. P., H. Andriesse, and B. H. Nielson. 1987. Fusidic acid in tear fluid: Pharmacokinetic study with fusidic acid viscous eye drops. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmcokinet.12:215–218.
30.
Walker, G. F., R. Ledger, and I. G. Tucker. 1999. Carbomer inhibits tryptic proeolysis of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and N-α-Benzoyl-L-Arginine ethyl ester by binding the enzyme. Pharmaceut. Res.16:1074–1080.
31.
Wilson, C. G., P. P. Zhu, M. Frier, L. S. Rao, P. Gilchrist, and A. C. Perkins. 1998. Ocular contact time of a carbomer gel (GelTears) in humans. Br. J. Ophthalmol.82:1131–1134.
32.
Ünlü, N., A. Ludwig, M. Van Ooteghem, and A. A. Hincal. 1992. A comparative rheological study on carbopol viscous solutions and, the evaluation of their suitability as ophthalmic vehicles and artificial tears. Pharm. Acta Helv.67:5–10.
33.
Yoshikawa, Y., A. Kawai, A. Yasui, H. Yoshikawa, and K. Takada. 1998. Preparation and evaluation of micro-porous ethylcellulose capsule as oral sustained-release preparation of theophylline. Biopharmaceut. Drug Dispos.19:333–339.