Pipetting Hazards in the Special Virus Cancer Program

Alford R. H. 1965. An attempt at protection of man against virulent influenza using nasal instillation of inactivated virus. Ann. Int. Med., 62:1312–1314.

Anon. “Accident Prevention Regulations for Medical Laboratories.”. Berufsgenossenchaft fur Gesundheitsdienst und Wohfohrtspflege, Hamburg 36, Germany. 1956.

Anon. Laboratory Safety. National Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Publication No. HSM 72–8118, Atlanta, Georgia, April 1972.

Birt C. & Lamb G. 1899. Mediterranean or Malta fever. The Lancet (9 Sept):701–710. Also see Meyer, K. F. and Eddie, B. 1941. Laboratory infections due to brucella. J. Infect. Dis., 68:24–32.

Cate T. R. , Couch R. B. , Fleet W. F. , Griffith W. R. , Gerone P. J. & Knight V. 1965. Production of tracheobronchitis in volunteers with rhinovirus in a small particle aerosol. Amer. J. Epidemiol., 81:95–105.

Chatigny M. A. & Clinger D. I. 1969. Contamination control in aerobiology. In: An Introduction to Experimental Aerobiology. Edited by Dimmick R.L. , Akers A.B. . John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 194–263.

Couch R. B. , Cate T. R. , Douglas R. G. , Gerone P. J. & Knight V. 1966a. Effect of route of inoculation on experimental respiratory viral disease in volunteers and evidence for airborne transmission. Bact. Reviews, 20(3):517–529.

Couch R. B. , Cate T. R. , Fleet W. F. , Gerone P. J. & Knight V. 1966b. Aerosol-induced adenovirus illness resembling the naturally-occurring illness in military recruits. Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis., 93:529–535.

Couch R. B. , Cate T. R. , Gerone P. J. , Fleet W. F. , Lang D. J. , Griffith W. R. & Knight V. 1965. Production of illness with small-particle aerosol of Coxsackie A21. J. Clin. Invest., 44:535–542.

Couch R. B. , Chanock R. M. , Cate T. R. , Lang D. J. , Knight V. & Huebner R. J. 1963. Immunization with types 4 and 7 adenovirus by selective infection of the intestinal tract. Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis., 88:394–403.

Darlow H. M. Safety in the microbiological laboratory. In: Methods in Microbiology. Edited by Norris J. R. , Ribbons D. W. . Academic Press. New York, NY (1969): 169–204.

Dimmick R. L. , Chatigny M. A. , Vogl W. F. & Meegan J. M. Naval Biomedical Research Laboratory, Oakland, California National Cancer Institute, Contract S-57. Third SVCP Triannual Progress Report, 1 June 1972. (To be submitted for publication in Appl. Microbiol.).

Dulbecco R. & Vogt M. 1954. Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomeylitis viruses. J. Exper. Med., 99:167–182.

Enders J. R. , Cohen S. & Kane L. W. 1945. Immunity in Mumps: II The development of complement-fixing antibody and dermal hypersensitivity in human beings following mumps. J. Exper. Med., 81(1): 119–135.

Fort Detrick Case No. 329, a 2nd LT in USAMRIID, 1958. (Details of 398 cases were sent in 1964 to the American Public Health Association Committee on Laboratory Infections). Note there were only 3 other cases of pipetting infections among Detrick's 423: brucellosis in 1945, tularemia in 1948, salmonellosis in 1960 - a biochemist.

Gerone P. J. . 1966. Assessment of experimental and natural viral aerosols. Bact. Reviews, 30(3):576–588 (see p. 587).

Green R. H. , Balsamo M. R. , Giles J. P. , Frugman S. & Mirick G. S. 1965. Amer. J. Dis. Child, 10:348–365.

Kasel J. A. , Evans H. E. , Spickard A. & Knight V. 1963. Conjunctivitis and enteric infection with adenoviruses types 26 and 27. Responses to primary, secondary, and reciprocal cross-challenges. Amer. J. Hyg., 77:265–282.

Kenny M. T. & Sabel F. L. 1968. Particle size distribution of Serratia marcescens aerosols created during common laboratory procedures and simulated laboratory accidents. Appl. Microbiol., 16(8):1146–1150.

Kisskalt K. 1915. Laboratory infections with typhoid bacilli. Zeitschrift fur Hygiene and Infektionskrankheiten, 80:145–162. Also see Phillips G.B. 1965. Causal factors in microbiological laboratory accidents and infections. Misc. Publication 2. U.S. Army, Fort Detrick (AD-615–012N).

Knight V. (Discussant). 1967. The minimal infective dose, pp. 247–249. In Transmission of Viruses by the Water Route. Edited by Gerald Berg . Interscience Publishers, Inc, New York.

Knight V. . 1963. Studies in volunteers with respiratory viral agents (Suppl.). Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis., 88:135–174.

Koprowski H. , Norton T. W. , Jervis G. A. , Nelson T. L. , Chadwick D. L. , Nelsen D. J. & Meyer K.F. 1956. Clinical investigations on attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus. J. Amer. Med. Assn., 160:954–966.

Kravetz H. M. , Knight V. , Chanock R. M. , Morris J. A. , Johnson K. M. , Refkind D. & Utz J. P. 1961. Respiratory syncytial virus. III. Production of illness and clinical observation in adult volunteers. J. Amer. Med. Assn., 176:657–663.

Kuh C. & Ward W. E. 1950. Occupational virus hepatitis. J. Amer. Med. Assn., 143:631–635.

Markham F. S. 1962. Viral content and stability of live measles vaccines. Amer. J. Dis. Child, 103:267–270.

Morris J. A. , Johnson K. M. , Aulisio C. G. , Chanock R. M. & Knight V. 1961. Clinical and serologic responses of volunteers given vacuolating virus (SV40) by respiratory route. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Bio. Med., 168:56–59.

Okuno Y. 1962. Vaccination with egg passage measles virus by inhalation. Amer. J. Dis. Child, 103:211–214.

a. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Public Law 91–596, 91st Congress, S. 2193, December 29, 1970 (Effective 28 April 1971). b. Recordkeeping Requirements under the Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA 2002). c. Selected Publications of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. June 1972. (OSHA 2019). Available from: Office of Information Services, OSHA, U.S. Dept. of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20210.

Phillips G. B. 1961. Microbiological safety in U.S. and foreign laboratories. Technical Study 35. U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick. Maryland (AD-268–635).

Phillips G. B. 1965. Causal factors in microbiological laboratory accidents and infections. Table 2 Misc. Publ. 2. U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Maryland. 251 p. (AD-615–012N).

Phillips G. B. & Bailey S. P. 1966. Hazards of mouth pipetting. Amer. J. Med. Technol., 32(2): 127–129.

Pike R. M. Sulkin. S. E. & Shulze M. L. 1965. Continuing importance of laboratory-acquired infections. Amer. J. Public Health, 55:190–199.

Plotkin S. A. , Cornfield D. & Ingalls T. H. 1965. Studies of immunization with living rubella virus. Amer. J. Dis. Child, 110:381–389.

Plotkin S. A. & Katz M. 1967. Minimal infective doses of viruses for man by the oral route, p. 151–166. In: Transmission of Viruses by the Water Route. Edited by Gerald Berg . Intersciences Publishers, Inc., New York, 1967.

Reinhardt F. 1918. Prevention of laboratory infections. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie und Parasitologie, 80(7):456–465.

Riesman D. 1898. Two cases of diphtheria, one from laboratory infection, and one in an infant eleven days old. The Philadelphia Medical Journal, 1(10):422–424.

Reitman M. & Phillips G. B. 1955. Biological hazards of common laboratory procedures. I. The Pipette. Amer. J. Med. Technol., 21:338–342.

Shah K. V. & Baron S. 1965. Laboratory infection with chikungunya virus: A case report. Indian J. Med. Res., 53(7):610–613.

Shaw E. W. , Melnick J. L. & Curnen E. 1950. Infection of laboratory workers with Coxsackie viruses. Ann. Int. Med., 33: 32–40.

Smith D. G. , Mamay H. K. , Marshall R. G. & Wagner J. C. 1956. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis: Laboratory aspects of 14 human cases following vaccination and attempts to isolate the virus from the vaccine. Amer. J. Hyg., 63:150–164.

Southam C. M. & Moore A. E. 1954. Induced virus infections in many by the Egypt ioslates of West Nile virus. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 3:19–50.

Sulkin S. E. Letter 4 Sept. 1969a. Department of Microbiology, Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas: Unpublished data.

Sulkin S. E. & Pike R. M. 1969b. Prevention of laboratory infections, pp 66–78. In Diagnostic Procedures for Viral and Rickettsial Infections. Edited by Lennette E. H. , Schmidt N. J. . 4th Ed. American Public Health Association, Inc, New York City.

Sulkin S. E. , Pike R. M. & Schultze M. L. 1963. Laboratory infections and accidents pp. 89–104. In Harris Albert H. & Coleman Marion B. (ed.) Diagnostic Procedures and Reagents, 4th Ed. Amer. Public Health Assn., Inc., New York.

Sulkin S. E. & Pike R. M. 1951. Survey of laboratory-acquired infections. Amer. J. Public Health, 41(7):769–781.

Sutton L. S. & Brooke C. E. 1954. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis due to vaccination in man. J. Amer. Med. Assn., 155:1473–1476.

Van den Ende M. , Hargreaves W. H. , Locket S. , Niven J. & Lennhoff L. 1946. Accidental laboratory infection with tsutsugamushi rickettsia. Lancet, 2:4–7.

Wedum A. G. 1950. Nonautomatic pipetting devices for the microbiological laboratory. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 35:648–651.

Wedum A. G. , Barkley W. E. & Hellman A. 1972. Handling of infectious agents. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assn., 161(11):1557–1567.