1. Rosen G: Preventive Medicine in the United States, 1900-1975: Trends and Interpretations. New York, Science History Publications, 1975.
2.
2. Hancock T, Duhl L: Promoting Health in the Urban Context. WHO Healthy Cities Paper No. 1. Copenhagen, FADL Publishers, 1988.
3.
3. Rosner D (ed.): Hives of Sickness: Public Health and Epidemics in New York City. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1995.
4.
4. Winslow C-E A: The evolution and significance of the modem public health campaign. Journal of Public Health Policy5 (Supplement):1-65, 1984.
5.
5. Mumford L: The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations and Its Prospects. New York, Harcourt, Brace and World, 1961.
6.
6. World Resources International: World Resources 1996-97: The Urban Environment. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.
7.
7. Andrulis D, Ginsberg C, Shaw-Taylor Y, Martin V: Urban Social Health: A Chartbook Profiling the Nation's One Hundred Largest Cities. Washington, D.C., National Public Health and Hospitals Institute, 1995.
8.
8. Holmberg SD: The estimated prevalence and incidence of HIV in 96 large US metropolitan areas. Am J Public Health86:642-654, 1996.
9.
9. Crain EF, Weiss KB, Bijur PE, Hersh M, Westbrook L, Stein REK: An estimate of the prevalence of asthma and wheezing among inner-city children. Pediatrics94:356-362, 1994.
10.
10. Sargent JD, Brown MJ, Freeman JL, et al: Childhood lead poisoning in Massachusetts communities: Its association with sociodemographic and housing characteristics. Am J Public Health85:528-534, 1995.
11.
11. Ropp L, Visintainer P, Uman J, Treloar D: Death in the city: An American tragedy. JAMA267:2905-2910, 1992.
12.
12. Kachur SP, Stennies GM, Powell KE, et al: School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1992 to 1994. JAMA275:1729-1733, 1996.
13.
13. Currie E: Reckoning: Drugs, the Cities and the American Future. New York, Hill and Wang, 1993.
14.
14. Salins P: Metropolitan areas: Cities, suburbs and the ties that bind, in Cisneros H (ed.): Interwoven Destinies Cities and the Nation. New York, Norton, 1993, pp. 147-166.
15.
15. Wallace R, Wallace D: The coming crisis of public health in the suburbs. Milbank Memorial Fund Q71:543-564, 1993.
16.
16. United States Department of Health and Human Services: Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1991.
17.
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Urban Research Centers Contact Directory. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997.
18.
18. World Health Organization: Creating Healthy Cities in the 21st Century. Background paper for the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Habitat II, Istanbul, Turkey, June 1996.
19.
19. American College of Physicians: Inner-city health care. Ann Intem Med127:485-490, 1997.
20.
20. Parker EA, Schulz AJ, Israel BA, Hollis R: Detroit's East Side Village Health Worker Partnership: Community-based lay health adviser intervention in an urban area. Health Educ Behav25:24-45, 1998.
21.
21. de la Barra X: Poverty: The main cause of ill health in urban children. Health Educ Behav25:46-59, 1998.
22.
22. El-Askari G, Freestone J, Irizarry C, Kraut KL, Mashiyama ST, Morgan MA, Walton S: The Healthy Neighborhoods Project: A local health department's role in catalyzing community development. Health Educ Behav forthcoming.
23.
23. Skinner CS, Sykes RK, Monsees BS, Andriole DA, Arfken CL, Fisher EB: Learn, share and live: Breast cancer education for older, urban minority women. Health Educ Behav25:60-78, 1998.
24.
24. Wilson SR, Scamagas P, Grado J, Norgaard L, Starr NJ, Eaton S, Pomaville K: The Fresno Asthma Project: A model intervention to control asthma in multiethnic, low-income, inner-city communities. Health Educ Behav25:79-98, 1998.
25.
25. Hammett TM, Gaiter JL, Crawford C: Reaching seriously at-risk populations: Health interventions in criminal justice settings. Health Educ Behav25:99-120, 1998.
26.
26. U.S. Bureau of the Census: Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1995. Washington, D.C., U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995.
27.
27. Massey D, Denton N: American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1992.
28.
28. Garreau J: Edge City Life on the New Frontier. New York, Doubleday, 1991.
29.
29. Harpham T, Lusty T, Vaughan P (eds.): In the Shadow of the City Community Health and the Urban Poor. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1988.
30.
30. Lederberg JL, Shope RE, Oaks SC (eds.): Emerging Infections Microbial Threats to Health in the United States. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 1992.
31.
31. Bourgois P: In Search of Respect Selling Crack in El Barrio. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
32.
32. Anderson E: Streetwise: Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1990.
33.
33. Baum A, Davis GE, Aiello JR: Crowding and neighborhood mediation of urban density. Journal of Population1:266-281, 1989.
34.
34. Ginzberg E: The changing urban scene, in Cisneros H (ed.): Interwoven Destinies Cities and the Nation. New York, Norton, 1993, pp. 33-47.
35.
35. Massey D: Into the Age of Extremes: Concentrated Affluence and Poverty in the 21st Century. Presidential address, Populations Association of America, New Orleans, LA, May 10, 1966.
36.
36. Wilson WJ: When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York, Knopf, 1996.
37.
37. Friedman LN, Williams MT, Singh Th, Frieden TR: Tuberculosis, AIDS and death among substance abusers on welfare in New York City. New Eng J of Med334:828-833, 1996.
38.
38. Geronimus AT, Bound J, Waidmann TA, et al: Excess mortality among blacks and whites in the United States. New Eng J Med335:1552-1558, 1996.
39.
39. McCord C, Freeman H: Excess mortality in Harlem. New Eng J Med322:173-178, 1992.
40.
40. Hamlin C: Could you starve to death in England in 1839? The Chadwick-Farr controversy and the loss of the "social" in public health. Am JPublic Health85:856-866, 1995.
41.
41. Butterfoss FD, Goodman RM, Wandersman A: Community coalitions for health promotion and disease prevention. Health Ed Res8:315-330, 1993.
42.
42. Zald MN, McCarthy JD (eds.): Social Movements in an Organization Society: Collected Essays. New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Books, 1986.
43.
43. Morris AD, Mueller CM (eds.): Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1992.
44.
44. Rodriquez-Trias H: The women's health movement: Women take power, in Sidel VW, Sidel R (eds.): Reforming Medicine Lessons of the Last Quarter Century. New York, Pantheon, 1984, pp. 107-128.
45.
45. Kramer L: Reports From the Holocaust: The Making of an AIDS Activist. New York, St. Martin's, 1989.
46.
46. Morris AD: The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. New York, Free Press, 1984.
47.
47. Freudenberg N: Not in Our Backyards! Community Action for Health and the Environment. New York,Monthly Review Press, 1983.
48.
48. Hinkle LE, Loring WC (eds.): The Effect of the Manmade Environment on Health and Behavior. Atlanta, GA, U.S. Public Health Service, 1977. (DHEW Pub. No. [CDC]77-8318.)
49.
49. Dockery DW, et al: An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. New Eng JMed329:1753-1753, 1993.
50.
50. Hilts P: Fine particles in air cause many deaths, study suggests. The New York Times, May 9, 1996, B10-B10.
51.
51. Pope CA, et al: Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am J Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine151:669-674, 1995.
52.
52. Newman O: Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. New York, Macmillan, 1972.
53.
53. Skogan WS: Disorder and Decline Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Neighborhoods. Berkeley, University of California, 1990.
54.
54. Jacobs J: The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, Vintage, 1961.
55.
55. Krasner M, Heisler T, Brooks P: New York City Community Health Atlas. New York, United Hospital Fund, 1994.
56.
56. Whitehead TL, Peterson J, Kaljee L: The "hustle": Socioeconomic deprivation, urban drug trafficking, and low-income, African-American male gender identity. Pediatrics93:1050-1054, 1994.
57.
57. Putnam RD: Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy6:66-78, 1995.
58.
58. Putnam RD: The strange disappearance of civic America. American Prospect24:34-49, 1996.
59.
59. Coleman JS: Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1990.
60.
60. Stack CB: All Our Kin Strategiesfor Survival in a Black Community. New York, Harper, 1974.
61.
61. Kretzmann JP, McKnight JL: Building Communities From the Inside Out: A Path Towards Finding and Mobilizing Community's Assets. Chicago, ACTA Publishing, 1993.
62.
62. Freudenberg N, Golub M: Health education, public policy and disease prevention: Acase history of the New York City Coalition to End Lead Poisoning. Health Educ Q14:387-401, 1987.
63.
63. Freudenberg N: Training health educators for social change. Intl Q Comty Health Educ5:37-52, 1984-85.
64.
64. Lefebvre RC, Rochlin L: Social marketing, in Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer BK (eds.): Health Behavior and Health Education Theory, Research and Practice (2nd ed.). San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1997, pp. 384-402.
65.
65. Des Jarlais D, Padian N, Winkelstein W: Targeted and universal strategies for preventing HIV transmission. New Eng J Med331:1452-1453, 1994.
66.
66. Freudenberg N, Silver D, Carmona JMS, Kass D, Lancaster B, Speers MA: Health promotion in U.S. cities: A review of intervention on heart disease, HIV infection, substance abuse and violence. Submitted for publication, 1997.
67.
67. Sharp DA: Preface, in H. Cisneros (ed.): Interwoven Destinies Cities and the Nation. New York: Norton, 1993, pp. 9-11.