The purpose of this article is to present a review of the literature on employee self-help smoking cessation programs. Included in this discussion are: (1) a rationale for self-help smoking cessation interventions; (2) a synopsis of their applicability to occupational settings; (3) a rational and description of the self-help smoking cessation interventions selected for a large group of employees; and (4) several methodological issues faced in conducting evaluations of smoking cessation programs.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79-50066.-
2.
Glasgow R., Bernstein D.: Behavioral treatment of smoking behavior, in C Prokop and L Bradley (eds): Medical Psychology: Contributions to Behavioral Medicine. Orlando, Academic Press, 1981.
3.
Pechacek T.: Modification of smoking behavior, in Department of Health Education and Welfare, Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79-50066.
4.
Lichtenstein E.: Future needs and directions in smoking cessation, in J Schwartz (ed): Progress in Smoking Cessation. New York, American Cancer Society, 1978.
5.
McAlister A.: Helping people quit smoking: Current progress, in A Enelow and J Henderson (eds): Applying Behavioral Science to Cardiovascular Risk. Dallas , American Heart Association, 1975 .
6.
Department of Health and Human Services: Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation. Washington, DC; US Government Printing Office, 1980.
7.
Burton D.: Motivating and assisting smokers to assume responsibility for quitting on their own, in American Cancer Society: National Conference on Smoking or Health: Developing a Blueprint for Action. New York, 1981.
8.
Horn I.: Who is quitting—and why, In J Schwartz (ed), Progress in Smoking Cessation. New York, American Cancer Society, 1978.
9.
Marlatt G., Gordon J.: Determinants of relapse: Implications for the maintenance of behavior change , in P Davidson and S Davidson (eds): Behavioral Medicine: Changing Health Lifestyles . New York, Brunner/Mazel, 1980.
10.
Shiffman S. : Relapse following smoking cessation: A situational analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol50:71-86, 1982.
11.
Best J., Bloch M.: Compliance in the control of cigarette smoking, in R Haynes et al (eds): Compliance in Health Care. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.
12.
National Center for Health Statistics: Use habits among adults of cigarettes, coffee, aspirin, and sleeping pills, United States 1976, Vital and Health Statistics Series 10, No. 131. DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 80-1559, October, 1979.
13.
Pederson L. , Lefcoe N.: A psychological and behavioral comparison of ex-smokers and smokers. J Chron Dis29:431-434, 1976.
14.
Windsor R., et al: Health promotion and maintenance for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A review. J Chron Dis33:5-12, 1980.
15.
United States Public Health Service: Adult Use of Tobacco—1975. Atlanta, Center for Disease Control, 1976.
16.
Gallup Opinion Index #108, June 1974, pp 20-21.
17.
Windsor R., Morris J.: Survey of Personal Health Practices and Beliefs of Adults: Davis Avenue Community, Mobile, Alabama, 1981. Prepared for the Franklin Memorial Primary Health Center . University of Alabama in Birmingham Printing Office, AL, July, 1982.
18.
Fielding J.: Preventive medicine and the bottom line. J Occup Med21:79-88, 1979.
19.
National Interagency Council on Smoking and Health: Smoking and the Workplace. New York, 1980.
20.
Luce B., Schweitzer S.: Smoking and alcohol abuse: A comparison of their economic consequences. N Engl J Med298:569-570, 1978.
21.
Danaher B.: Smoking cessation programs in occupational settings. Public Health Rep95:149-157, 1980.
22.
Kent D., et al: Smoking in the workplace: A review of human and operating costs . Personnel Admin29-33, 1982.
23.
Orleans C., Shipley R.: Worksite smoking cessation initiatives: Review and recommendations. Addic Behav7:1-16, 1982.
24.
Parkinson R., et al: Managing Health Promotion in the Workplace. Palo Alto, CA, Mayfield Publishing Co, 1982.
25.
Stachnik T. , Stoffelmayr B.: Is there a future for smoking cessation programs? J CommunHealth7:47-56, 1981.
26.
Roberts D.: Attitude change research and the motivation of health practices, in A Enelow and J Henderson (eds): Applying Behavioral Science to Cardiovascular Risk . New York, American Heart Association , 1975.
27.
Bartlett E.: Selection of educational strategies, in L Green et al (eds): Health Education Planning: A Diagnostic Approach. Palo Alto, CA, Mayfield Publishing Co, 1980.
28.
Bennett D., Levy B.: Smoking policies and smoking cessation programs of large employers in Massachusetts . Am J Public Health70:629-631, 1980.
29.
Meyer A., Henderson J.: Multiple risk factor reduction in the prevention of cardiovascular disease . Prev Med3:225-336, 1974.
30.
Richmond H.: A fifteen year prospective study of the incidence of coronary heart disease related to cigarette smoking habits, in J Steinfield, et al (Eds): Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Smoking and Health, Vol. 1. Washington, DC, DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 77-1413, 1977.
31.
Rosen G., Lichtenstein E.: An employee incentive program to reduce cigarette smoking. J Consult Clin Psychol45:957, 1977.
32.
Bauer R.: Bell Laboratories helps employees quit smoking. Am Lung Assoc Bull11-14, July/August 1978.
33.
Kanzler M., et al: Response of medical personnel to an on-site smoking cessation program. J Clin Psychol32:670-674, 1976.
34.
Kiefhaber A. , Goldbeck W.: Smoking: A challenge to worksite health management , in American Cancer Society, National Conference on Smoking orHealth. New York, 1981.
35.
American Lung Association: Freedom From Smoking in 20 Days. New York, 1980.
36.
American Lung Association: A Lifetime of Freedom from Smoking. New York, 1980.
37.
Amit Z., et al: Stop Smoking for Good. New York, Walker and Co., 1976.
38.
Caldwell E.: How You Can Stop Smoking ... Permanently. North Hollywood, CA: Wilshire Book Co., 1959.
39.
Casewit C.: The Stop Smoking Book for Teens. New York, Julian Messner, 1980.
Kopen S., Arkowitz H.: The role of attribution and self-perception in behavioral change: Implications for behavior therapy. GeneticPsychol Monogr92:175-212, 1975.
50.
Kanfer F.: Self-management methods, in F Kanfer and A Goldstein (eds): Helping People Change. New York; Pergamon Press , 1975.
51.
Stuart R (ed): Behavioral Self-Management. New York, Brunner/Mazel , 1977.
Mahoney M., Arnkoff A.: Cognitive and self-control therapies, in S Garfield and A Bergin (eds): Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change: An Empirical Analysis. New York, Wiley, 1978.
54.
Glasgow R., Rosen G.: Behavioral bibliotherapy: A review of self-help behavior therapy manuals. Psychol Bull85:1-23, 1978.
55.
Glasgow R., Rosen G.: Self-help behavior therapy manuals: Recent developments and clinical usage . Clin Behav Ther Rev1:1-20, 1979.
56.
Glastow R., et al: Self-help books and amoung of therapist contact in smoking cessation programs. J Consult Clin Psychol49:659-667, 1981.
57.
Davis A., et al: Self-help smoking cessation and maintenance programs: A comparative study with 12-month follow-up by the American Lung Association. Am J Public Health74:1212-1217, 1984 .
58.
Bernstein D., Glasgow R.: The modification of smoking behavior, in O Pomerleau and J Brady (eds): Behavioral Medicine: Theory and Practice. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1979.
59.
Kanzler M., et al: Long- and short-term effectiveness of a large scale proprietary smoking cessation program—A 4-year follow-up of SmokEnders participants . J Clin Psychol32:661-669, 1976.
60.
Lando H.: Successful treatments of smokers with broad-spectrum behavioral approach. J Consult Clin Psychol45:361-366, 1977.
61.
Orleans C., et al: A. Behavioral approaches to smoking cessation—I. A decade of research progress 1969-1979. J Behav Ther Exper Psychiatr12:125-129, 1981.
62.
Orleans C., et al: A. Behavioral approaches to smoking cessation—II. Topical bibliography 1969-1979. J Behav Ther Exper Psychiatr12:131-144, 1981.
63.
Schmahl D., et al: Successful treatment of habitual smokers with warm, smoky air and rapid smoking. J Consult Clin Psychol38:105-111, 1972.
64.
Levinson B. , et al. Smoking elimination by gradual reduction . Behav Ther2:477-487, 1971.
65.
Whitman R.: Aversion control of smoking behavior in a group context. Behav Res Ther10:97-104, 1972.
66.
Schwartz J.: Helping smokers quit: State of the art, in J Schwartz (ed): Progress in Smoking Cessation. New York, American Cancer Society, 1978.
67.
Janis I., Hoffman D.: Facilitating effects on daily contact between partners who make a decision to cut down on smoking. J Personality Soc Psychol17:25-35, 1971.
68.
Hamilton S. , Bornstein P.: Broad-spectrum behavioral approach to smoking cessation: Effects of social support and paraprofessional training on the maintenance of treatment effects. J Consult Clin Psychol47:598-600, 1979.
69.
Lichstein K. , Stalgaitis S.: Treatment of cigarette smoking in couples by reciprocal aversion. Behav Ther11:104-108, 1980.
70.
Danaher B.: Smoking cessation programs in occupational settings, in R Parkinson, et al (eds): Managing Health Promotion in the Workplace. Palo Alto, Mayfield Publishing Co., 1982.
71.
Brengelmann J. , Sedlmayr E.: Experiments in the reduction of smoking behavior , in W Steinfield et al (eds): Health Consequences, Education, Cessation Activities, and Governmental Action . Washington, DC: DHEW Publication No, (NIH) 77-1413, 1977.
72.
Brengelmann J. : The treatment of smoking through the mail, in J Schwartz (ed): Progress in Smoking Cessation. New York, American Cancer Society, 1978.
73.
Cohen J., Cohen P.: Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences . Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1975.
74.
Bartlett EE, et al: Guidelines for training health educators in smoking cessation skills. (Submitted for publication.)
75.
Jones E., Sigal H.: The bogus pipeline: A new paradigm for measuring affect and attitude. Psych Bull76:349-364, 1971.
76.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Health Education and Welfare.Occupational Exposure to Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts DHEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 77-108, Washington, DC, 1977.
77.
Watson I.: Rapid analysis of nicotine and cotinine in the urine of smokers by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatology143:203-206, 1977.
78.
Frederiksen L., Martin J.: Carbon monoxide and smoking behavior. Addict Behav4:21-30, 1979.
79.
Prue D., et al: A critical evaluation of thiocyanate as a biochemical index of smoking exposure. Behav Ther11:368-379, 1980.
80.
Orleans C., Shipley R.: Assessment in smoking cessation research: Some practical guidelines, in F KeefeJ Blumental (eds): Assessment Strategies in Behavioral Medicine. Orlando, Grune and Stratton, 1982 .
81.
Pechacek T., Fox B., Murray D., et al: Review of techniques for measurement of smoking behavior, in J Matarazzo et al (eds): Behavioral Health: A Handbook of Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1984.
