Gynecologic Cancer Screening: Understanding Barriers Through Social Cognitive Theory and Health Belief Model

Abstract

Despite advancements in screening technologies, gynecologic cancers remain among the deadliest and most overlooked cancers. Early detection is crucial, but many women are reluctant to undergo screening due to various barriers and misconceptions. This study explores the motivations and barriers influencing women’s decisions regarding early gynecologic cancer screening in Malaysia. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 professional women from diverse backgrounds using a qualitative approach. Data were analyzed through open and axial coding to identify key themes. An empathy map and user journey map captured the psychological and behavioral aspects of decision-making. The study identified themes such as lack of knowledge, reliance on social media and health care professionals, financial and time constraints, fear of results, and cultural stigmas. Participants with higher awareness were more likely to undergo screening, while those with personal or family cancer experiences showed greater vigilance. The findings emphasize the importance of culturally sensitive communication and health care professionals’ role in reducing stigma and promoting early screening. The study’s insights contribute to developing strategies to encourage early detection and improve health outcomes for women. These strategies align with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG 5 (Gender Equality), promoting health equity and empowering women. As emphasized by SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals), achieving these goals requires strong partnerships and collaborative efforts to create a supportive environment for early cancer screening initiatives. Policymakers can use these insights to foster health equity and empower women through supportive screening environments.