Objective. To determine the association of social support with alcohol abuse, depression, and health care access among Latino immigrant men in an emerging Latino community (an area with a small yet growing Latino population). Methods. Cross-sectional baseline data of 140 men prior to a participatory male-to-male community health worker intervention among Latino immigrants were analyzed using logistic regression. Community health workers recruited community participants in Western Pennsylvania between 2011 and 2013. Results. Participants constituted a vulnerable group: 47% had not finished high school, 36% had moderate to severe depression, and 30% reported binge drinking in the past month. Health care access was low (insurance = 6%, usual source = 20%). In multivariable logistic regression high social support was associated with less binge drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.20, 0.98]) and lower depression (OR = 0.22; 95% CI [0.09-0.54]). Social support was associated with having a dentist visit but not with other health care access measures. Conclusions. Results indicate that the role of social support seems important for drinking and depression but remains controversial for health care access. It raises the hypothesis that low social support may be one of the mechanisms for the increase in drinking that happens after immigration.
AlmeidaJ.SubramanianS. V.KawachiI.MolnarB. E. (2011). Is blood thicker than water? Social support, depression and the modifying role of ethnicity/nativity status. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65, 51-56. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.092213
2.
AndersenR. M.McCutcheonA.AdayL. A.ChiuG. Y.BellR. (1983). Exploring dimensions of access to medical care. Health Services Research, 18, 49-74.
3.
AyalaG. X.VazL.EarpJ. A.ElderJ. P.CherringtonA. (2010). Outcome effectiveness of the lay health advisor model among Latinos in the United States: An examination by role. Health Education Research, 25, 815-840. doi:10.1093/her/cyq035
4.
BorgesG.CherpitelC. J.OrozcoR.ZemoreS. E.WallischL.Medina-MoraM. E.BreslauJ. (2016). Substance use and cumulative exposure to American society: Findings from both sides of the US-Mexico border region. American Journal of Public Health, 106, 119-127. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302871
5.
BridgesA. J.AndrewsA. R.IIIDeenT. L. (2012). Mental health needs and service utilization by Hispanic immigrants residing in mid-southern United States. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 23, 359-368. doi:10.1177/1043659612451259
6.
ByrneU. (2005). Wheel of Life: Effective steps for stress management. Business Information Review, 22, 123-130. doi:10.1177/0266382105054770
7.
CamposB.KimH. S. (2017). Incorporating the cultural diversity of family and close relationships into the study of health. American Psychologist, 72, 543-554. doi:10.1037/amp0000122
8.
CamposB.UllmanJ. B.AguileraA.Dunkel SchetterC. (2014). Familism and psychological health: The intervening role of closeness and social support. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20, 191-201. doi:10.1037/a0034094
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). Prevalence of regular physical activity among adults: United States, 2001 and 2005. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 56, 1209-1212.
10.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Health, United States, 2015: With special feature on racial and ethnic health disparities. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus15.pdf
11.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, May8). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/
12.
ChavezL. R. (2013). The Latino threat: Constructing immigrants, citizens, and the nation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
13.
CobbC. L.XieD.SandersG. L. (2016). Coping styles and depression among undocumented Hispanic immigrants. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 18, 864-870. doi:10.1007/s10903-015-0270-5
14.
CohenS. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59, 676-684. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676
15.
CookB.AlegriaM.LinJ. Y.GuoJ. (2009). Pathways and correlates connecting Latinos’ mental health with exposure to the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 2247-2254. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.137091
16.
CoronaK.CamposB.ChenC. (2017). Familism is associated with psychological well-being and physical health: Main effects and stress-buffering effects. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 39, 46-65. doi:10.1177/0739986316671297
17.
CrockettL. J.IturbideM. I.Torres StoneR. A.McGinleyM.RaffaelliM.CarloG. (2007). Acculturative stress, social support, and coping: Relations to psychological adjustment among Mexican American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 347-355. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.13.4.347
18.
CunninghamP.BankerM.ArtigaS.TolbertJ. (2006). Health coverage and access to care for Hispanics in “new growth communities” and “major Hispanic centers.”Washington, DC: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured.
19.
De JesusM.XiaoC. (2014). Predicting health care utilization among Latinos: Health locus of control beliefs or access factors?Health Education & Behavior, 41, 423-430. doi:10.1177/1090198114529130
20.
DerenS.ShedlinM.DecenaC. U.MinoM. (2005). Research challenges to the study of HIV/AIDS among migrant and immigrant Hispanic populations in the United States. Journal of Urban Health, 82(2Suppl. 3), 13-25. doi:10.1093/jurban/jti060
21.
DocumetP. I.BearT. M.GreenH. H. (2012). Results from the 2009-2010 Allegheny County Health Survey: Measuring the health of adult residents. Pittsburgh, PA: Allegheny County Health Department and The Evaluation Institute.
22.
DocumetP. I.KamouyerouA.PesantesA.MaciaL.MaldonadoH.FoxA.. . . GuadamuzT. (2013). Participatory assessment of the health of Latino immigrant men in a community with a growing Latino population. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17, 239-247. doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9897-2
23.
FreyW. H. (2015). Diversity explosion: How new racial demographics are remaking America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
24.
GjesfjeldC. D.GreenoC. G.KimK. H. (2008). A confirmatory factor analysis of an abbreviated social support instrument: The MOS-SSS. Research on Social Work Practice, 18, 231-237. doi:10.1177/1049731507309830
25.
HackerK.ChuJ.LeungC.MarraR.PirieA.BrahimiM.. . . MarlinR. P. (2011). The impact of immigration and customs enforcement on immigrant health: Perceptions of immigrants in Everett, Massachusetts, USA. Social Science & Medicine, 73, 586-594. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.007
26.
HaimuellerJ.HiscoxM. J. (2010). Attitudes toward highly skilled and low-skilled immigration: Evidence from a survey experiment. American Political Science Review, 104, 1-24. doi:10.1017/S0003055409990372
27.
HensonR. K. (2001). Understanding internal consistency reliability estimates: A conceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 177-189.
28.
HosmerD. W.LemeshowS.SturdivantR. X. (2013). Wiley series in probability and statistics: Applied logistic regression (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
29.
HouseJ. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
30.
KroenkeK.SpitzerR. L.WilliamsJ. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
31.
LouryS.JesseE.WuQ. (2011). Binge drinking among male Mexican immigrants in rural North Carolina. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 13, 664-670. doi:10.1007/s10903-010-9402-0
32.
MarinG.PosnerS. F.KinyonJ. B. (1993). Alcohol expectancies among Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites: Role of drinking status and acculturation. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 15, 373-381. doi:10.1177/07399863930153006
33.
MonaghanP. F.ForstL. S.Tovar-AguilarJ. A.BryantC. A.IsraelG. D.Galindo-GonzalezS.. . . McDermottR. J. (2011). Preventing eye injuries among citrus harvesters: The community health worker model. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 2269-2274. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300316
34.
MotelS.PattenE. (2012). The 10 largest Hispanic origin groups: Characteristics, rankings, top counties. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
35.
NelsonA.LewyR.DovydaitisT.RicardoF.KugelC. (2011). Promotores as researchers expanding the promotor role in community-based research. Health Promotion Practice, 12, 681-688. doi:10.1177/1524839910380849
36.
PrattL. A.BrodyD. J. (2008). Depression in the United States household population, 2005-2006. NCHS Data Brief, (7), 1-8.
37.
RhodesS. D.FoleyK. L.ZometaC. S.BloomF. R. (2007). Lay health advisor interventions among Hispanics/Latinos: A qualitative systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33, 418-427. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.023
38.
RhodesS. D.HergenratherK. C.BloomF. R.LeichliterJ. S.MontañoJ. (2009). Outcomes from a community-based, participatory lay health adviser HIV/STD prevention intervention for recently arrived immigrant Latino men in rural North Carolina. AIDS Education and Prevention, 21(Suppl. b), 103-108. doi:10.1521/aeap.2009.21.5_supp.103
39.
SingerM.Marxuach-RodriquezL. (1996). Applying anthropology to the prevention of AIDS: The Latino Gay Men’s Health Project. Human Organization, 55, 141-148. doi:10.17730/humo.55.2.l02vl77312380381
40.
StimpsonJ. P.WilsonF. A.MurilloR.PaganJ. A. (2012). Persistent disparities in cholesterol screening among immigrants to the United States. International Journal for Equity in Health, 11, 22. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-22
VitalianoP. P.ScanlanJ. M.ZhangJ.SavageM. V.BrummettB.BarefootJ.SieglerI. C. (2001). Are the salutogenic effects of social supports modified by income? A test of an “added value hypothesis.”Health Psychology, 20, 155-165. doi:10.1037//0278-6133.20.3.155
43.
Wheel of Life™. (2009). Waco, TX: Meyer Resource Group.
44.
WinkelmanS. B.ChaneyE. H.BethelJ. W. (2013). Stress, depression and coping among Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 1815-1830. doi:10.3390/ijerph10051815
