Body & Soul has demonstrated effectiveness as a dietary intervention among African American church members. The process evaluation assessed relationships between program exposure and implementation factors and study outcomes and characterized factors important for adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Data sources included participant surveys and qualitative interviews with program staff, church liaisons, and volunteer advisors who conducted motivational interviewing (MI) calls. Outcomes included changes in dietary intake and psychosocial variables. Process variables included program exposure, participation, and dose and perceptions about MI calls. Results showed that attendance at project events, receiving educational materials, and self-reported quality of the MI calls were associated with significantly (p < .05) greater fruit and vegetable intake, decreased fat consumption, and other secondary outcomes. Interviews indicated implementation and sustainability issues and needs including more training to enhance MI implementation as well as ongoing support and resources. The results have implications for future dissemination efforts of Body & Soul.
Campbell, M.K., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Symons, M., Kalsbeek, W.D., Dodds, J., Cowan, A., et al. (1999). Fruit and vegetable consumption and prevention of cancer: The Black Churches United for Better Health Project. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1390-1396.
2.
Campbell, M.K., James, A., Hudson, M.A., Carr, C., Jackson, E., Oakes, V., et al. (2004). Improving multiple behaviors for colorectal cancer prevention among African American church members. Health Psychology, 23(5), 492-502.
3.
Campbell, M.K., Motsinger, B.M., Ingram, A., Jewell, D., Makarushka, C., Beatty, B., et al. (2000). The North Carolina Black Churches United for Better Health Project: Intervention and process evaluation. Health Education & Behavior, 27(2), 241-253.
4.
Glanz, K., Kristal, A.R., Sorensen, G., Palombo, R., Heimendinger, J., & Probart, C. (1993). Development and validation of measures of psychosocial factors influencing fat- and fiber-related dietary behavior. Preventive Medicine, 22(3), 373-387.
5.
Glasgow, R.E., Bull, S.S., Gillette, C., Klesges, L.M., & Dzewaltowski, D.A. (2002). Behavior change intervention research in health care settings: A review of recent reports with emphasis on external validity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 23(1), 62-69.
6.
Glasgow, R.E., McKay, H.G., & Piette, J.D. (2001). The RE-AIM framework for evaluating interventions: What can it tell us about approaches to chronic illness management?Patient Education & Counseling, 44(2), 119-127.
7.
Glasgow, R.E., Vogt, T.M., & Boles, S.M. (1999). Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: The RE-AIM framework. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1322-1327.
8.
Kristal, A.R., Shattuck, A.L., & Henry, H.J. (1990). Patterns of dietary behavior associated with selecting diets low in fat: Reliability and validity of a behavioral approach to dietary assessment. Journal of theAmerican Dietetic Association , 90(2), 214-220.
9.
Miller, W.R., & Mount, K.A. (2001). A small study of training in motivational interviewing: Does one workshop change clinician and client behavior?Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 457-471.
10.
Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational Interviewing: Preparing people for change (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
11.
Murray, D. (1998). Design and analysis of group randomized trials . New York: Oxford University Press .
12.
National Cancer Institute. (2005). Body & Soul: A celebration of healthy eating and living (NIH Publication No. 05-5544). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.
13.
Oldenburg, B.F., French, M.L., & Sallis, J.F. (2000). Health behavior research: The quality of the evidence base. American Journal of Health Promotion, 14(4), 253-257.
14.
Oldenburg, B.F., Sallis, J.F., French, M.L., & Owen, N. (1999). Health promotion research and the diffusion and institutionalization of interventions. Health Education Research , 14, 121-130.
15.
Resnicow, K., Campbell, M.K., Carr, C., McCarty, F., Wang, T., Periasamy, S., et al. (2004). Body and Soul: A dietary intervention conducted through African American churches. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(2), 97-105.
16.
Resnicow, K., Jackson, A., Braithwaite, R., Dilorio, C., Blisset, D., Rahotep, S., et al. (2002). Healthy Body/Healthy Spirit: A church-based nutrition and physical activity intervention. Health Education Research, 17(5), 562-573.
17.
Resnicow, K., Jackson, A., Wang, T., De, A.K., McCarty, F., Dudley, W.N., et al. (2001). A motivational interviewing intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intake through Black churches: Results of the Eat for Life trial. American Journal of Public Health , 91(10), 1686-1693.
18.
Resnicow, K., Odom, E., Wang, T., Dudley, W.N., Mitchell, D., Vaughan, R., et al. (2000a). Validation of three food frequency questionnaires and 24-hour recalls with serum carotenoid levels in a sample of African American adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 152(11), 1072-1080.
19.
Resnicow, K., Wallace, D.C., Jackson, A., Digirolamo, A., Odom, E., Wang, T., et al. (2000b). Dietary change through African American churches: Baseline results and program description of the Eat for Life trial. Journal of CancerEducation, 15(3), 156-163.
20.
Rogers, E.M. (1995). Diffusion of drug abuse prevention programs: Spontaneous diffusion agenda setting and reinvention. NIDA Research Monograph , 155, 90-105.
21.
Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
22.
Ryan, R.M., Kuhl, J., & Deci, E.L. (1997). Nature and autonomy: An organizational view of social and neurobiological aspects of self-regulation in behavior and development . Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 701-728.
23.
Sallis, J.F., Pinski, R.B., Grossman, R., Patterson, T.L., & Nader, P.R. (1988). The development of self-efficacy scales for health-related diet and exercise behaviors. Health Education Research, 3, 283-292.
24.
Sheeska, J., Woolcott, D., & MacKinnon, N. (1993). Social and cognitive theory as a framework to explain intentions to practice healthy eating behaviors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 1547-1573.
25.
Tessaro, I.A., Taylor, S., Belton, L., Campbell, M.K., Benedict, S., Kelsey, K., et al. (2000). Adapting a natural (lay) helpers model of change for worksite health promotion for women. Health Education Research, 15(5), 603-614.
26.
Thompson, F.E., Kipnis, V., Subar, A.F., Krebs-Smith, S.M., Kahle, L.L., Midthune, D., et al. (2000). Evaluation of 2 brief instruments and a food-frequency questionnaire to estimate daily number of servings of fruit and vegetables. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71(6), 1503-1510.
27.
Thompson, F.E., Midthune, D., Subar, A.F., Kahle, L.L., Schatzkin, A., & Kipnis, V. (2004). Performance of a short tool to assess dietary intakes of fruit and vegetables, percentage of energy from fat and fibre. Public Health Nutrition, 7(8), 1097-1105.
28.
Williams, G.C., & Deci, E.L. (2001). Activating patients for smoking cessation through physician autonomy support. Medical Care, 39(8), 813-823.
29.
Williams, G.C., Freedman, Z.R., & Deci, E.L. (1998). Supporting autonomy to motivate patients with diabetes for glucose control. Diabetes Care, 21(10), 1644-1651.
