BassS, PearceG, BradneyM: Exercise before puberty may confer residual benefits in bone density in adulthood: Studies in active prepubertal and retired female gymnasts. Bone Mineral Res13:500–507, 1998.
2.
PentecostRL: Fatigue, insufficiency and pathologic fractures. JAMA187:1001–1004, 1964.
3.
MoriS, BurrDB: Increased intracortical remodeling following fatigue damage. Bone14:103–109, 1993.
4.
McBrydeAM: Stress fractures in runners. Clin Sports Med4:737–752, 1985.
5.
WashingtonE: Musculoskeletal injuries in theatrical dancers: Site, frequency and severity. Am J Sports Med6:75–97, 1978.
6.
BowlingA: Injuries to dancers: Prevalence, treatment and perceptions of causes. Brit Med J298:731–734, 1989.
7.
KadelN, TeitzC, KronmalR: Stress fractures in ballet dancers. Am J Sports Med20:445–449, 1992.
8.
CalabreseL, KirkendallDT, FloydM, : Menstrual abnormalities, nutritional patterns and body composition in female classical ballet dancers. Physician Sportsmed11:86–98, 1983.
9.
BensonJ, GillienDM, BourdetK, LoosliAR: Inadequate nutrition and chronic caloric restriction in adolescent ballerinas. Physician Sportsmed13:79–90, 1985.
10.
FrusztajerN, DhuperS, WarrenMP: Nutrition and the incidence of stress fractures in ballet dancers. Am J Clin Nutr51:779–783, 1990.
11.
CohenJL, PotosnakL, FrankO, BakerHA: Nutritional and hematological assessment of elite ballet dancers. Physician Sportsmed13:43–54, 1985.
12.
DrinkwaterB, BruemnerB, ChestnutC: Menstrual history as a determinant of current bone density in young athletes. JAMA263:545–548, 1990.
13.
HowseJ, HancockS: Dance Technique and Injury Prevention.London: A&C Black, 1988.
14.
MicheliLJ, SohnR, SolomonR: Stress fractures of the second metatarsal involving Lisfranc's joint in ballet dancers. J Bone Joint Surg67A:1372–1375, 1985.
15.
HamiltonW: Foot and ankle injuries in dancers. Clin Sports Med7:143–173, 1988.
16.
SchneiderH, KingAY, BronsonJL, : Stress injuries and developmental changes of the lower extremities in ballet dancers. Radiology113:627–632, 1974.
17.
O'MalleyMJ, HamiltonWG, MunyakJ, DeFrancoMJ: Stress fractures at the base of the second metatarsal in ballet dancers. Foot Ankle Internal17:89–94, 1996.
18.
HarringtonT, CrichtonK, AndersonI: Overuse ballet injury of the base of the second metatarsal: A diagnostic problem. Am J Sports Med21:591–598, 1993.
19.
KhanKM, FullerPJ, BrucknerPD, : Outcome of conservative and surgical or navicular stress fracture in athletes: Eighty-six cases proven with computerized tomography. Am J Sports Med20(6):657–666, 1992.
20.
TorgJS, PavlovH, CooleyLH, : Stress fractures of the tarsal navicular. J Bone Joint Surg64:700–712, 1982.
21.
KhanKM, WarrenMP, SteihlA, : Bone mineral density in active and retired ballet dancers. J Dance Med Sci3(1):15–20, 1999.
22.
BolinDJ, NelsonT: Tarsal navicular stress fracture in a soccer player [Abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 3LS343, 1999.
23.
FitchK, BlackwellJ, GilmourW: Operation for non-union of navicular stress fracture of the tarsal navicular. J Bone Joint Surg71B:105–110, 1989.
HulkkoH, OravaS: Stress fractures in athletes. Int J Sports Med8:221–226, 1987.
27.
BurrowsJ: Fatigue infraction of the middle of the tibia in ballet dancers. J Bone Joint Surg38B:83–94, 1956.
28.
SavocaCJ: Stress fractures: A classification of the earliest radiographic signs. Radiology100:519–524, 1971.
29.
DaffnerRH, PavlovH: Stress fractures: Current concepts. AJR159:245–252, 1992.
30.
RoubLW, GumermanLW, HanleyEN: Bone stress: A radionuclide imaging perspective. Radiology132:431–438, 1979.
31.
BlankS: Transverse tibial stress fractures: A special problem. Am J Sports Med15:597–602, 1987.
32.
GreenNE, RogersRA, LipscombAB: Nonunions of the stress fractures of the tibia. Am J Sports Med13:171–176, 1985.
33.
ChangPS, HarrisRM: Intramedullary nailing for chronic tibial stress fractures. Am J Sports Med24:688–692, 1996.
34.
PlasschaertVFP, JohanssonCG, MicheliLJ: Anterior tibial stress fracture treated with intramedullary nailing: A case report. Clin J Sports Med5:58–62, 1995.
35.
ClementDB, AmmannW, TauntonJE, : Exercise-induced stress injuries to the femur. Int J Sports Med14:347–352, 1993.
36.
JohanssonC, EkenmanI, TornkvistH, ErikssonE: Stress fractures of the femoral neck in athletes: The consequences of a delay in diagnosis. Am J Sports Med18:524–528, 1990.
37.
LombardoSJ, BensonDW: Stress fractures of the femur in runners. Am J Sports Med10:219–227, 1982.
JohnsonAW, WeissCB, WheelerDL: Stress fractures of the femoral shaft in athletes — more common than expected. Am J Sports Med22:248–256, 1994.
40.
KeeneJS, LashEG: Negative bone scan in a femoral neck stress fracture. Am J Sports Med20:234–236, 1992.
41.
SolerT, CalderonC: The prevalence of spondylolysis in the Spanish elite athlete. Am J Sports Med28:57–62, 2000.
42.
LettsM, SmallmanT, AfanasievR: Fracture of the pars interarticularis in adolescent athletes: A clinical-biomechanical analysis. J Pediatr Orthop6:40–46, 1986.
43.
WeirM, SmithS: Stress reaction of the pars interarticularis leading to spondylolysis: A cause of adolescent low back pain. J Adolescent Health Care10:573–577, 1989.
44.
IrelandML, MicheliLJ: Bilateral stress fracture of the lumbar pedicles in a ballet dancer: A Case Report. J Bone Joint Surg68A140–142, 1987.
45.
MichelliLJ, WoodR: Back pain in young athletes: Significant differences from adults in causes and patterns. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med149:15–18, 1995.
46.
CongeniJ, McCullochJ, SwansonK: Lumbar spondylolysis: A study of natural progression in athletes. Sm J Sports Med25(2):248–253, 1997.
CollierBD, JohnsonRPCarreraGF, : Painful spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis studied by radiography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Radiology154:207–211, 1985.
49.
PennellR, MaurerA, BonakdarpourA: Stress injuries to the pars interarticularis: Radiographic classification and indications for scintigraphy. Am J Radiol145:763–768, 1985.
50.
NewtonPJohnstonC: Analysis and treatment of poor outcomes following in situ arthrodesis in adolescent spondylolisthesis. J Pediatr Orthop17:754–761, 1997.
51.
SteinerM, MicheliLJ: Treatment of symptomatic spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis with the modified Boston brace. Spine10:937–943, 1985.
52.
MuschikM, HahnelH, RobinsonPN, : Competitve sports and the progression of spondylolisthesis. J Pediatr Orthop16:364–369, 1996.
