Purpose has long been identified in philosophy and theology as an essential component of a well-directed life. In recent years, support for this longstanding philosophical intuition has come from a rapidly increasing set of studies in psychological science that has examined the nature, origins, development, and positive life outcomes of purpose. Yet this line of research has been limited by unexamined variations in how researchers across multiple labs define and conceptualize purpose. The present review examines prevailing definitions of purpose in present psychological research, discussing the strengths and limitations of each. Three approaches to conceptualizing and defining purpose emerged from this review: The first approach focuses on “sense of purpose,” drawing on self-reflections structured by survey items such as “There is a direction in my life.” The second focuses on general states of psychological well-being, viewing purpose as a subcomponent of such states. The third views purpose as a unique psychological process that combines thought, action, long-term goals, and key features of self-identity. This review describes the features of each approach that present value for future research and practice in the field; and it offers a comprehensive definition that aims to capture the full nature of the psychology of purpose.
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