Zbinden AM, Petersen-Felix S., Thomson DA: Anesthetic depth defined using multiple noxious stimuli during isoflurane/oxygen anesthesia. Anesthesiology80:261, 1994
2.
Hug CC Jr: Is there a role for high-dose opioid anaesthesia in the 1990s? Can J Anaesth42:R91-R93, 1995
3.
Slogoff S., Keats AS: Randomized trial of primary anesthetic agents on outcome of coronary artery bypass operations. Anesthesiology70:179-188, 1989
4.
Tuman KJ, McCarthy RJ, Spiess BD, et al: Does choice of anesthetic agent significantly affect outcome after coronary artery surgery?Anesthesiology70:189-198, 1989
5.
Mora CT, Dudek C., Torjman MC, White PF: The effects of anesthetic technique on the hemodynamic response and recovery profile in coronary revascularization patients. Anesth Analg81:900-910,1995
6.
Mangano DT, Siliciano D., Hollenberg M., et al: Postoperative myocardial ischemia: Therapeutic trials using intensive analgesia following surgery. Anesthesiology76:342-353, 1992
7.
Anand Kjs, Philbin D., Hickey PR: Halothane-morphine compared with high-dose sufentanil for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in neonatal cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med326:1-9, 1992
8.
Parratt JR: Opioid receptors in the cardiovascular system, in Grobecker H, Kahl GF, Klaus W, et al (eds): Progress in Pharmacology , vol 6/2. New York, NY , Gustav Fischer Berlag Stuttgart, 1986, pp 98-109
9.
Feldman PD, Parveen N., Sezen S.: Cardiovascular effects of leuenkephalin in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat. Brain Res709:331-336, 1996
10.
Stamford JA : Descending control of pain. Br J Anaesth75:217-227, 1995
11.
Bouaziz H., Tong C., Yoon Y., et al: Intravenous opioids stimulate norepinepbrine and acetylcboline release in spinal cord dorsal horn. Anesthesiology84:143-154, 1996
Sato A., Sato Y., Schmidt RF: Modulation of somatocardiac sympathetic reflexes mediated by opioid receptors at the spinal and brainstem level. Exp Brain Res105:1-6, 1995
14.
Gaumann DM, Yaksh TL, Tyce GM, Lucas DL: Opioids preserve the adrenal medullary response evoked by severe hemorrhage: Studies on adrenal catecholamine and met-enkephalin secretion in halothane-anesthetized cats. Anesthesiology68:743-753, 1988
15.
Sonntag H., Stephan H., Lange H., et al: Sufentanil does not block sympathetic responses to surgical stimuli in patients having coronary artery revascularization surgery. Anesth Analg68:584-592, 1989
16.
Yonker-Sell AE, Muzi M., Hope WG, Ebert TJ: Alfentanil modifies the neurocirculatory responses to desflurane. Anesth Analg82:162-166, 1996
17.
Delle M., Ricksten SE, Thoren P.: The opiate antagonist naloxone counteracts the inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity caused by halothane anesthesia in rats. Anesthesiology70:309-317, 1989
18.
Zimlichman R. , Gefel D., Eliahou H., et al: Expression of opioid receptors during heart ontogeny in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Circulation93:1020-1025, 1996
19.
Zhang C., Su JY, Calkins D.: Effects of alfentanil on isolated cardiac tissues of the rabbit. Anesth Analg71:268-274,1990
20.
Helgesen KG , Ellingsen O., Ilebekk A.: Inotropic effect of meperidine: influence of receptor and ion channel blockers in the rat atrium. Anesth Analg70:499-506, 1990
21.
Rendig SV, Amsterdam EA, Henderson GL, Mason DT: Comparative cardiac contractile actions of six narcotic analgesics: Morphine, meperidine, pentazocine, fentanyl, methadone and 1-α-acetylmethadol (LAAM) . J Pharmacol Exp Ther215:259-265, 1980
22.
Ela C., Hasin Y., Eilam Y.: Opioid effects on contractility, Ca2+-transients and intracellular pH in cultured cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol26:599-613, 1993
23.
Chinzei M., Morita S., Chinzei T., et al: Effects of isoflurane and fentanyl ischemic myocardium in dogs: Assessment by end-systolic measurements. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth5:243-249, 1991
24.
White JL, Myers AK, Analouei A., Kim YD: Functional recovery of stunned myocardium is greater with halothane than fentanyl anaesthesia in dogs. Br J Anaesth73:214-219, 1994
25.
Schultz Jej , Hsu AK, Gross GJ: Morphine mimics the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning via a glibenclamide-sensitive mechanism in the rat heart. Circ Res78:1100-1104, 1996
26.
Blaise GA, Witzeling TM, Sill JC, et al: Fentanyl is devoid of major effects on coronary vasoreactivity and myocardial metabolism in experimental animals. Anesthesiology72:535-541, 1990
27.
Hirsch LJ, Rooney MW, Mathru M., Rao Tlk: Effects of fentanyl on coronary blood flow distribution and myocardial oxygen consumption in the dog. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth7:50-54, 1993
28.
Bailey PL: Sinus arrest induced by trivial nasal stimulation during alfentanil-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth65:718-720, 1990
29.
Royster RL, Keeler K., Haisty WK, et al: Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of fentanyl and combination of fentanyl and neuromuscular relaxants in pentobarbitalanesthetized dogs . Anesth Analg67:15-20, 1988
30.
Blair JR, Pruett JK, Introna Rps, et al: Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of fentanyl and sufentanil in canine cardiac purkinje fibers. Anesthesiology71:565-570,1989
31.
Weber G., Stark G., Stark U.: Direct cardiac electrophysiologic effects of sufentanil and vecuronium in isolated guinea-pig hearts. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand39:1071-1074, 1995
32.
Sharpe MD, Dobkowski WB, MurkinJM, et al: Alfentanil-midazolam anaesthesia has no electrophysiological effects upon the normal conduction system or accessory pathways in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Can J Anaesth39:816-821, 1992
33.
Sharpe MD, Dobkowski WB, Murkin JM, et al: The electrophysiologic effects of volatil anesthetics and sufentanil on the normal atrioventricular conduction system and accessory pathways in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Anesthesiology80:63-70, 1994
34.
Schmeling WT , Kampine JP, Warltier DC: Negative chronotropic actions of sufentanil and vecuronium in chronically instrumented dogs pretreated with propranolol and/or diltiazem. Anesth Analg69:4-14, 1989
35.
Saini V., Carr DB, Hagestad EL, et al: Antifibrillatory action of the narcotic agonist fentanyl. Am Heart J115:598-605, 1988
36.
Hickey PR, Hansen DD: High-dose fentanyl reduces intraoperative ventricular fibrillation in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Clin Anesth3:295-300,1991
37.
Lowenstein E., Hallowell P., Levine FH, et al: Cardiovascular response to large doses of intravenous morphine in man. N Engl J Med281:1389-1392, 1969
38.
Stanley TH, Webster LR: Anesthetic requirements and cardiovascular effects of fentanyl-oxygen and fentanyl-diazepam-oxygen anesthesia in man. Anesth Analg57:411-416, 1978
39.
de Lange S. , Boscoe MJ, Stanley TH, Pace N.: Comparison of sufentanil-O2 and fentanyl-O2 for coronary artery surgery. Anesthesiology56:112-118, 1982
40.
de Lange S. , Bruijn D.: Alfentanil-oxygen anaesthesia: Plasma concentrations and clinical effects during variable-rate continuous infusion for coronary artery surgery. Br J Anaesth55:183S-189S, 1983
41.
Kay B., Stephenson DK: Alfentanyl (R39209): Clinical experience with a new narcotic analgesic. Anaesthesia35:1197-1201, 1980
Sebel PS, Bovill JG, Van Der Haven A.: Cardiovascular effects of alfentanil anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth54:1185-1189, 1982
44.
de Lange S. , Stanley TH, Boscoe NS: Alfentanil-oxygen anaesthesia for coronary artery surgery. Br J Anaesth53:1291-1296, 1981
45.
Stanley TH, Philbin DM, Coggins CH: Fentanyl-oxygen anaesthesia for coronary artery surgery: Cardiovascular and antidiuretic hormone responses. Can Anaesth Soc J26:168-172, 1979
46.
Waller J., Hug C., Nagel D., Craver J.: Hemodynamic changes during fentanyl-oxygen anesthesia for aortocoronary bypass surgery. Anesthesiology55:212-217, 1981
47.
Lowenstein E., Philbin DM: Narcotic "anesthesia" in the eighties. Anesthesiology55:195-197, 1981
48.
Saeki S., Yaksh TL: Suppression of nociceptive responses by spinal mu opioid agonists: Effects of stimulus intensity and agonist efficacy. Anesth Analg77:265-274, 1993
49.
Mjanger E., Yaksh TL: Characteristics of dose-dependent antogonism by β-funaltrexamine of the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal Mu agonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther258:544-550, 1991
50.
Hall RI, Murphy MR, Hug CC Jr: The enflurane sparing effect of sufentanil in dogs. Anesthesiology67:518-525, 1987
51.
Murphy MR, Hug CC Jr: The anesthetic potency of fentanyl in terms of its reduction of enflurane MAC. Anesthesiology57:485-488, 1982
52.
Murphy MR, Hug CC Jr: The enflurane sparing effect of morphine, butorphanol, and nalbuphine . Anesthesiology57:489-492, 1982
53.
Stanley TH: Opioid (Alfentanil) anesthesia: Dose is important, but when it is given and what plasma concentration results may be more important. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth5:105-106, 1991
54.
Philbin DM, Rosow CE, Schneider RC, et al: Fentanyl and sufentanil anesthesia revisited: How much is enough?Anesthesiology73:5-11, 1990
55.
Hug CCJr: Does opioid "anesthesia" exist? Anesthesiology73:1-3, 1990
56.
Mantz J., Abi-Jaoude' F, Ceddaha A: High-dose alfentanil for myocardial revascularization: A hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth5:107-110,1991
57.
Stanley TH, de Lange S.: Comparison of sufentanil-oxygen and fentanyl-oxygen anesthesia for mitral and aortic valvular surgery. J Cardiothorac Anesth2:6-11, 1988
58.
Mathews Hml , Furness G., Carson IW, et al: Comparison of sufentanil-oxygen and fentanyl-oxygen anaesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting. Br J Anaesth60:530-535, 1988
59.
Bovill JG, Warren PJ, Schuller JL, et al: Comparison of fentanyl, sufentanil, and alfentanil anesthesia in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery. Anesth Analg63:1081-1086, 1984
60.
Miller DR, Wellwood M., Teasdale SJ, et al: Effects of anaesthetic induction on myocardial function and metabolism: A comparison of fentanyl, sufentanil and alfentanil. Can J Anaesth35:219-233, 1988
61.
Stanley TH, Bailey PL: Fentanyl and sufentanil anesthesia revisited: Establish an effective plasma concentration and achieve it at the right time. Anesthesiology74:388-389,1991
62.
Ebert TJ, Kotrly KJ, Madsen KE, et al: Fentanyl-diazepam anesthesia with or without N2O does not attenuate cardiopulmonary baroreflex-mediated vasoconstrictor responses to controlled hypovolemia in humans. Anesth Analg67:548-554,1988
63.
Sebel PS, Hoke JF, Westmoreland C., et al: Histamine concentrations and hemodynamic responses after remifentanil . Anesth Analg80:990-993, 1995
64.
Moss J., Roscow CE: Histamine release by narcotics and muscle relaxants in humans. Anesthesiology59:330-339,1983
65.
Rosow CE, Moss J., Philbin DM, Savarese JJ: Histamine release during morphine and fentanyl anesthesia. Anesthesiology56:93-96, 1982
66.
Flacke JW, Van Etten AP, Bloor BC, et al: Histamine release by four narcotics: A double-blind study in humans. Anesth Analg66:723-730, 1987
67.
Wynands JE, Wong P., Whalley DG, et al: Oxygen-fentanyl anesthesia in patients with poor left ventricular function, hemodynamics and plasma fentanyl concentrations. Anesth Analg62:476-482, 1983
68.
Thomson IR, Putnins CL, Friesen RM: Hyperdynamic cardiovascular response to anesthetic induction with high dose fentanyl. Anesth Analg65:91-95, 1986
69.
James TN, Isobe JH, Urthaler F.: Analysis of components in a cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex. Circulation52:179-192, 1975
70.
Benthuysen JL, Foltz BD, Smith NT, et al: Prebypass hemodynamic stability of sufentanil-O2, fentanyl-O2 and morphine-O2 anesthesia during cardiac surgery: A comparison of cardiovascular profiles . J Cardiothorac Anesth12:749-757,1988
71.
Stoelting RK , Gibbs PS, Creasser CW, Peterson C.: Hemodynamic and ventilatory response to fentanyl, fentanyl-droperidol, and nitrous oxide in patients with acquired valvular heart disease. Anesthesiology42:319, 1975
72.
Lunn JK, Stanley TH, Webster LR, et al: High-dose fentanyl anesthesia for coronary artery surgery: Plasma fentanyl concentration and influence of nitrous oxide on cardiovascular responses . Anesth Analg58:390, 1979
73.
McDermott RW , Stanley TH: Cardiovascular effects of low concentrations of nitrous oxide during morphine anesthesia. Anesthesiology41:89-91, 1974
74.
Stoelting RK , Gibbs PS: Hemodynamic effects of morphine and morphine-nitrous oxide in valvular heart disease and coronary artery disease. Anesthesiology38:45-52, 1973
75.
Wong KC, Martin WE, Hornbein TF, et al: The cardiovascular effects of morphine sulfate with oxygen and with nitrous oxide in man. Anesthesiology38:542-549, 1973
76.
Moffitt EA, Scovil JE, Barker RA, et al: Myocardial metabolism and hemodynamics of nitrous oxide in fentanyl or enflurane anesthesia in coronary patients. Anesthesiology59:A31, 1983
77.
Michaels I. , Barash PG: Does nitrous oxide or a reduced FIO 2 alter hemodynamic function during high-dose sufentanil anesthesia ? Anesth Analg62:275, 1983
78.
Stowe DF, Monroe SM, Marijic J., et al: Effects of nitrous oxide on contractile function and metabolism of the isolated heart. Anesthesiology73:1220-1226, 1990
79.
Reves JG: Effects of fentanyl and nitrous oxide on contractility of blood-perfused papillary muscle of the dog. Anesth Analg63:47-50, 1984
80.
Lawson D., Frazer MJ, Lynch C.: Nitrous oxide effects on isolated myocardium: A reexamination in vitro. Anesthesiology73:930-943, 1990
81.
Motomura S. , Kissin I., Aultman DF, Reves JG: Effects of fentanyl and nitrous oxide on contractility of blood-perfused papillary muscle of the dog. Anesth Analg63:47-50,1984
82.
Philbin DM, Foëx P., Drummond G., et al: Postsystolic shortening of canine left ventricle supplied by a stenotic coronary artery when nitrous oxide is added in the presence of narcotics. Anesthesiology62:166-174, 1985
83.
Cahalan MK, Prakash O., Rulf Enr, et al: Addition of nitrous oxide to fentanyl anesthesia does not induce myocardial ischemia in patients with ischemic heart disease. Anesthesiology67:925-929, 1987
84.
Slavik JR, LaMantia KR, Kopriva CJ, et al: Does N2O cause regional wall motion abnormalities in patients with CAD? An evaluation by 2D transesophageal echocardiography . Anesthesiology65:A515, 1986
85.
Takkunen O. , Meretoja OA: Thiopentone reduces the haemodynamic response to induction of high-dose fentanyl-pancuronium anaesthesia in coronary artery surgical patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand32:222-227, 1988
86.
Pomane C., Paulin M., Lena P., et al: Comparison of the haemodynamic effects of a midazolam-fentanyl and thiopental-fentanyl combination for induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology2:75-79, 1983
87.
Kissin I., Brown P., Bradley E., et al: Diazepam-morphine hypnotic synergism in rats. Anesthesiology70:689-694, 1989
88.
Tverskoy M. , Fleyshman G., Ezry J., et al: Midazolam-morphine sedative interaction in patients. Anesth Analg68:282-285, 1989
89.
Bailey PL, Wilbrink J., Zwanikken P., et al: Anesthetic induction with fentanyl. Anesth Analg64:48-53, 1985
90.
Spiess BD, Sathoff RH, El-Ganzouri Ars, Ivankovich AD: High-dose sufentanil: Four cases of sudden hypotension on induction. Anesth Analg65:703-705, 1986
91.
Flacke JW, David LJ, Flacke WE, et al: Effects of fentanyl and diazepam in dogs deprived of autonomic tone. Anesth Analg64:1053-1059, 1985
92.
Hoar PF, Nelson NT, Mangano DT, et al: Adrenergic response to morphine-diazepam anesthesia for myocardial revascularization. Anesth Analg60:406-411, 1981
93.
Tomicheck RC , Rosow CE, Philbin DM, et al: Diazepam-fentanyl interaction: Hemodynamic and hormonal effects in coronary artery surgery. Anesth Analg62:881-884, 1983
94.
Reves JG, Kissin I., Fournier SE, Smith LR: Additive negative inotropic effect of a combination of diazepam and fentanyl . Anesth Analg63:97-100, 1984
95.
Marty J., Gauzit R., Lefevre P., et al: Effects of diazepam and midazolam on baroreflex control of heart rate and on sympathetic activity in humans. Anesth Analg65:113-119,1986
96.
Thomson IR, Bergstrom RG, Rosenbloom M., Meatherall RC: Premedication and high-dose fentanyl anesthesia for myocardial revascularization: A comparison of lorazepam versus morphine-scopolamine. Anesthesiology68:194-200, 1988
97.
Thomson IR, MacAdams CL, Hudson RJ, Rosenbloom M.: Drug interactions with sufentanil. Anesthesiology76:922-929, 1992
98.
Butterworth JF, Bean VE, Royster RL: Premedication profoundly influences hemodynamics during rapid sequence induction with sufentanil-succinylcholine for aortocoronary bypass grafting. Anesthesiology69:A65, 1988
99.
Heikkila H. , Jalonen J., Laaksonen V., et al: Lorazepam and high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia: Effects on haemodynamics and oxygen transportation in patients undergoing coronary revascularization. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand28:357-361, 1984
100.
Benson KT, Tomlinson DL, Goto H., Arakawa K.: Cardiovascular effects of lorazepam during sufentanil anesthesia. Anesth Analg67:996-998, 1988
101.
Coetzee A. , Fourie P., Coetzee J., et al: Effect of various propofol plasma concentrations on regional myocardial contractility and left ventricular afterload . Anesth Analg69:473-483, 1989
102.
Claeys MA, Cepts E., Camu F.: Haemodynamic changes during anaesthesia induced and maintained with propofol . Br J Anaesth60:3-9, 1988
103.
Hullander RM, Leivers D., Wingler K.: A comparison of propofol and etomidate for cardioversion. Anesth Analg77:690-694, 1993
104.
Gelissen Hpm , Epema AH, Henning RH, et al: Inotropic effect of propofol, thiopental, midazolam, etomidate, and ketamine on isolated human atrial muscle. Anesthesiology84:397-403, 1996
105.
Mulier JP, Wouters PF, Van Aken H., et al: Cardiodynamic effect of propofol in comparison with thiopental: Assessment with a transesophageal echocardiographic approach. Anesth Analg72:28-35, 1991
106.
Cullen PM, Turtle M., Prys-Roberts C., et al: Effect of propofol anesthesia on baroreflex activity in humans . Anesth Analg66:1115-1120, 1987
107.
Gordon PC, Morrell DF, Pamm JD: Total intravenous anesthesia using propofol and alfentanil for coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth8:284-288, 1994
108.
Lepage Jym , Pinaud ML, Helias JH, et al: Left ventricular function during propofol and fentanyl anesthesia in patients with coronary artery disease: Assessment with a radionuclide approach. Anesth Analg67:949-955, 1988
109.
Bell J., Sartain J., Wilkinson Gal, Sherry KM: Propofol and fentanyl anaesthesia for patients with low cardiac output state undergoing cardiac surgery: Comparison with high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia . BrJ Anaesth73:162-166, 1994
110.
Phillips AS , McMurray TJ, Mirakhur RK, et al: Propofolfentanyl anesthesia: A comparison with isoflurane-fentanyl anesthesia in coronary artery bypass grafting and valve replacement surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth8:289-296, 1994
111.
Roekaerts Pmhj, Gerrits HJ, Timmerman BE, de Lange S.: Continuous infusions of alfentanil and propofol for coronary artery surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth9:362-367,1995
112.
Russell GN , Wright EL, Fox MA, et al: Propofol-fentanyl anaesthesia for coronary artery surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia44:205-208, 1989
113.
Sherry KM, Sartain J., Bell J., Wilkinson Gal: Comparison of the use of a propofol infusion in cardiac surgical patients with normal and low cardiac output states. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth9:368-372, 1995
114.
Sorbara C. , Pittarello D., Rizzoli G., et al: Propofolfentanyl versus isoflurane-fentanyl anesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting: Effect on myocardial contractility and peripheral hemodynamics. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth9:18-23, 1995
115.
Hall RI, Murphy JT, Moffitt EA, et al: A comparison of the myocardial metabolic and haemodynamic changes produced by propofol-sufentanil and enflurane-sufentanil anaesthesia for patients having coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Can J Anaesth38:996-1004, 1991
Helman JD, Leung JM, Bellows WH, et al: The risk of mycardial ischemia in patients receiving desflurane versus sufentanil anesthesia for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Anesthesiology77:47-62, 1992
118.
Samuelson PN, Reves JG, Kirklin JK, et al: Comparison of sufentanil an enflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia for myocardial revascularization. Anesth Analg65:217-226, 1986
119.
Heikkila H., Jalonen J., Arola M., et al: Low-dose enflurane as adjunct to high-dose fentanyl in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery: Stable hemodynamics and maintained myocardial oxygen balance. Anesth Analg66:111-116, 1987
120.
Hillel Z., Thys D., Goldman ME, et al: Halothane produces dose-dependent myocardial depression in man during fentanyl anesthesia. Anesth Analg65:S71, 1986
121.
Moffitt EA , McIntyre AJ, Glenn JJ, et al: Myocardial metabolism and haemodynamic responses with fentanyl-halothane anaesthesia for coronary patients. Can Anaesth Soc J32:S86-S87, 1985
122.
Stoelting RK, Creasser CW, Gibbs PS, Peterson C.: Circulatory effects of halothane added to morphine anesthesia in patients with coronary-artery disease. Anesth Analg53:449-455, 1974
123.
Smith JS, Cahalan MK, Benefiel DJ, et al: Fentanyl versus fentanyl and isoflurane in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Anesthesiology63:A18, 1985
124.
O'Young J. , Mastrocostopoulas G., Hilgenberg A., et al: Myocardial circulatory and metabolic effects of isoflurane and sufentanil during coronary artery surgery. Anesthesiology66:653-658, 1987
125.
O'Brien DJ , Moffitt EA, McIntyre AJ, et al: Myocardial metabolism and hemodynamic responses with fentanyl-halothane anaesthesia in hypertensive patients undergoing coronary arterial surgery. Can Anaesth Soc33:S101-S102,1986
126.
Ebert TJ, Harkin CP, Muzi M.: Cardiovascular responses to sevoflurane: A review. Anesth Analg81:S11-S22, 1995
127.
Ramsay JG, Delima Lgr, Wynands JE, et al: Pure opioid versus opioid-volatile anesthesia for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Anesth Analg78:867-875, 1994
128.
Weiskopf RB , Moore MA, Eger EI, et al: Rapid increase in desflurane concentration is associated with greater transient cardiovascular stimulation than with rapid increase in isoflurane concentration in humans. Anesthesiology80:1035-1045, 1994
129.
Ebert TJ, Muzi M.: Sympathetic hyperactivity during desflurane anesthesia in healthy volunteers . Anesthesiology79:444-453, 1993
130.
Weiskopf RB , Eger EI II, Noorani M., Daniel M.: Fentanyl, esmolol, and clonidine blunt the transient cardiovascular stimulation induced by desflurane in humans. Anesthesiology81:1350-1355, 1994
131.
Atlee JL, Laravuso RB: Muscle relaxants and high-dose fentanyl: Hemodynamics during coronary bypass surgery. Anesth Analg63:181, 1984
132.
Sethna DH, Starr NJ, Estafanous FG: Cardiovascular effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers in patients with coronary artery disease. Can Anaesth Soc J33:280-286, 1986
133.
Thomson IR , Putnins CI: Adverse effects of pancuronium during high-dose fentanyl anesthesia for coronary artery bypass grafting. Anesthesiology62:708-713, 1985
134.
Oikkonen M. : Alfentanil combined with vecuronium or pancuronium: Haemodynamic implications. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand36:406-409, 1992
135.
Salmenperä M., Peltola K., Takkunen O., Heinonen J.: Cardiovascular effects of pancuronium and vecuronium during high-dose fentanyl anesthesia. Anesth Analg62:1059-1064, 1983
136.
Gravlee GP , Ramsey FM, Roy RC, et al: Pancuronium is hemodynamically superior to vecuronium for narcotic/ relaxant induction. Anesthesiology65:A46, 1986
137.
Hill Aeg, Muller BJ: Optimum relaxant for sufentanil anesthesia. Anesthesiology61:A393, 1984
138.
Lebowitz PW , Ramsey FM, Savarese JJ, et al: Combination of pancuronium and metocurine: Neuromuscular and hemodynamic advantages over pancuronium alone. Anesth Analg60:12-17, 1981
139.
Murray DJ, Mehta MP, Choi WW, et al: The neuromuscular blocking and cardiovascular effects of doxacurium chloride in patients receiving nitrous oxide narcotic anesthesia. Anesthesiology69:472-477, 1988
140.
Emmott RS, Bracey BJ, Goldhill DR, et al: Cardiovascular effects of doxacurium, pancuronium and vecuronium in anaesthetized patients presenting for coronary artery bypass surgery. Br J Anaesth65:480-486, 1990
141.
Savarese JJ , Ali HH, Basta SJ, et al: The cardiovascular effects of mivacurium chloride (BW B1090U) in patients receiving nitrous oxide-opiate-barbiturate anesthesia. Anesthesiology70:386-394, 1989
142.
WierdaJMKH, Richardson FJ, Agoston S: Dose-response relation and time course of action of pipecuronium bromide in humans anesthetized with nitrous oxide and isoflurane, halothane, or droperidol and fentanyl. Anesth Analg68:208-213, 1989
143.
Rupp SM, Fahey MR, Miller RD: Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of atracurium during nitrous oxide-fentanyl and nitrous oxide-isoflurane anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth55:67S-70S, 1983
144.
Lawes EG, Downing JW, Duncan PW, et al: Fentanyl-droperidol supplementation of rapid-sequence induction in the presence of severe pregnancy-induced and pregnancy-aggravated hypertension . Br J Anaesth59: 1381-1391,1987
145.
Martin DE, Rosenberg H., Aukberg SJ, Bartkowski RR: Low-dose fentanyl blunts circulatory responses to tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg61:680-684, 1982
146.
Van Aken H. , Meinshausen E., Prien T., et al: The influence of fentanyl and tracheal intubation on the hemodynamic effects of anesthesia induction with propofol/N 2O in humans. Anesthesiology68:157-163, 1988
147.
Ebert JP, Pearson JD, Gelman S., Harris C.: Circulatory responses to laryngoscopy: The comparative effects of placebo, fentanyl and esmolol. Can J Anaesth36:301-306, 1989
148.
McDonnell TE, Bartkowski RR, Williams JJ: ED50 of alfentanil for induction of anesthesia in unpremedicated young adults. Anesthesiology60:136-140, 1984
Vuyk J., Lim T., Engbers F., et al: The pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and alfentanil during lower abdominal surgery in women. Anesthesiology83:8-22, 1995
151.
Smith I., Jan Hemelrijck J, White PF: Efficacy of esmolol versus alfentanil as a supplement to propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesth Analg73:540-546, 1991
152.
Bovill JG, Blackburn CL, Heykants J.: The pharmacokinetics of alfentanil (R39209): A new opioid analgesic. Anesthesiology57:439-443, 1982
153.
Marty J., Couderc E., Servin F., et al: Plasma concentrations of sufentanil required to suppress hemodynamic responses to noxious stimuli during nitrous anesthesia. Anesthesiology69:A631, 1988
154.
Randel G., Fragen RJ, Librojo ES: Remifentanil blood concentration effect relationship at intubation and skin incision in surgical patients compared to alfentanil. Anesthesiology81:A375, 1994
155.
Pacentine GC, Muzi M., Ebert TJ: Effects of fentanyl on sympathetic activation associated with the administration of desflurane. Anesthesiology82:823-831, 1995
156.
Gourlay GK , Kowalski SR, Plummer JL, et al: Fentanyl blood concentration-analgesic response relationship in the treatment of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg67:329-337, 1988
157.
McEwan AI, Smith C., Dyar O., Goodman D.: Isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration reduction by fentanyl. Anesthesiology78:864-869, 1993
158.
Westmoreland CL, Sebel PS, Gropper A.: Fentanyl or alfentanil decreases the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in surgical patients. Anesth Analg78:23-28, 1994
159.
Glass Psa, Doherty M., Jacobs JR, et al: Plasma concentration of fentanyl, with 70% nitrous oxide, to prevent movement at skin incision. Anesthesiology78:842-847, 1993
160.
Ghouri AF, White PF: Effect of fentanyl and nitrous oxide on the desflurane anesthetic requirement . Anesth Analg72:377-381, 1991
161.
Ausems ME, Hug CC, Stanski DR, Burm AG: Plasma concentrations of alfentanil required to supplement nitrous oxide anesthesia for general surgery. Anesthesiology65:362-373, 1986
162.
Vuyk J., Lim T., Engbers Fhm, et al: The pharmacodynamics of alfentanil as a supplement to propofol or nitrous oxide for lower abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology77:A402, 1992
Clark NJ, Meuleman T., Liu W., Zwanikken PK: Comparison of sufentanil-N2O and fentanyl-N2O in patients without cardiac disease undergoing general surgery. Anesthesiology66:130-135, 1987
168.
Bailey PL, Streisand JB, East KA: Difference in magnitude and duration of opioid-induced respiratory depression and analgesia with fentanyl and sufentanil. Anesth Analg70:8-15, 1990
169.
Kalenda Z. , Scheijground HW: Anaesthesia with sufentanil analgesia in carotid and vertebral arteriography: A comparison with fentanyl. Anaesthetist25:380-383, 1976
170.
Cheng Dch, Chung F., Chapman KR, Romanelli J.: Low-dose sufentanil and lidocaine supplementation of general anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth37:521-527, 1990
171.
Glenski JA , Friesen RH, Lane GA, et al: Low-dose sufentanil as a supplement to halothane/N2O anesthesia in infants and children . Can J Anaesth35:379-384, 1988
172.
Smith C., McEwan AI, Jhaveri R., et al: The interaction of fentanyl on the Cp50 of propofol for loss of consciousness and skin incision. Anesthesiology81:820-828, 1994
173.
Ausems ME, VuykJ, Hug CC Jr, Stanski DR: Comparison of a computer-assisted infusion versus intermittent bolus administration of alfentanil as a supplement to nitrous oxide for lower abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology68:851-861, 1988
Alvis JM, Reves JG, Govier AV, et al: Computer-assisted continuous infusions of fentanyl during cardiac anesthesia: Comparison with a manual method. Anesthesiologry63:41-49, 1985
176.
Pathak KS, Brown RH, Nash CL Jr, Cascorbi HF: Continuous opioid infusion for scoliosis fusion surgery. Anesth Analg62:841-845, 1983
177.
White PF: Use of continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus administration of fentanyl or ketamine during outpatient anesthesia. Anesthesiology59:294-300, 1983
178.
Desiderio DP, Thorne AC, Shah NK, et al: Alfentanil-midazolam by continuous infusion: A total intravenous anaesthetic technique for general surgery. Anesthesiology69:A557, 1988
179.
Fragen RJ, Booij Lhd, Braak Gjj, et al: Pharmacokinetics of the infusion of alfentanil in man. Br J Anaesth55:1077-1081, 1983
180.
Hall RI, Molderhauer CC, Hug CC Jr: Fentanyl plasma concentrations maintained by a simple infusion scheme in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg76:957-963, 1993
181.
Wagner JG: A safe method for rapidly achieving plasma concentration plateaus. Clin Pharmacol Ther16:691-700, 1974
182.
Hughes MA, Glass Psa, Jacobs JR: Context-sensitive half-time in multicompartment pharmacokinetic models for intravenous anesthetic drugs. Anesthesiology76:334-341, 1992
183.
Reves JG, Sladen RN, Newman MF: Cardiac anesthetic: Is it unique?Anesth Analg81:895-898, 1995