The mitral valve remains a complex structure where multiple forms of pathology can be seen. Mitral regurgitation continues to be one of the most common valvular diseases in the industrialized world. While intraoperative 2-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography has been commonplace for some time, 3-dimensional technology has emerged and has shown great benefit for diagnosis and guidance during mitral valve surgery. In the hands of a trained sonographer, high-quality real-time images can easily be obtained and correlate well with gross anatomical findings. The use of multiple angled views and color Doppler within 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography has become a valuable asset in the understanding and interpretation of the mitral valve for surgical interventions.
LungBVahanianA.Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in the adult. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011;8:162-172.
2.
VahanianABaumgartnerHBaxJet al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: the Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:230-268.
3.
ShanewiseJSCheungATAronsonSet al. ASE/SCA guidelines for performing a comprehensive intraoperative multiplane transesophageal echocardiography examination: recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Council for Intraoperative Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force for Certification in Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography. Anesth Analg. 1999;89:870-884.
4.
GillinovAMShorttKGCosgroveDM3rd. Commissural closure for repair of mitral commissural prolapse. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:1135-1136.
5.
HahnRTAbrahamTAdamsMSet al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26:921-964.
6.
ShernanSK.Perioperative transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of the native mitral valve. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(8 suppl):S372-S383.
7.
BollenBALuoHHOuryJHRubensonDSSavageRMDuranCM.Case 4—2000. A systematic approach to intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of the mitral valve apparatus with anatomic correlation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2000;14:330-338.
8.
CarpentierAFLessanaARellandJYMet al. The “Physio-Ring”: an advanced concept in mitral valve annuloplasty. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;6:1177-1186.
9.
McCarthyKPRingLRanaBS.Anatomy of the mitral valve: understanding the mitral valve complex in mitral regurgitation. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11:i3-i9.
TuladharSMPunjabiPP.Surgical reconstruction of the mitral valve. Heart. 2006;92:1373-1377.
12.
CastilloJGSolísJGonzález-PintoAAdamsDH.Surgical echocardiography of the mitral valve [in Spanish]. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2011;64:1169-1181.
13.
TsangWLangRM.Three-dimensional echocardiography is essential for intraoperative assessment of mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2013;128:643-652.
14.
BiaggiPGrunerCJedrzkiewiczSet al. Assessment of mitral valve prolapse by 3D tee angled views are key. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:94-97.
15.
HoSY.Anatomy of the mitral valve. Heart. 2002;88(suppl 4):iv5-iv10.
16.
VegasA.Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography: principles and clinical applications. Ann Card Anaesth. 2016;19(suppl):S35-S43.
17.
ShiotaT.Role of modern 3D echocardiography in valvular heart disease. Korean J Intern Med. 2014;29:685-702.
18.
ZekrySBNaguehSFLittleSHet al. Comparative accuracy of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in identifying mitral valve pathology in patients undergoing mitral valve repair: initial observations. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011;24:1079-1085.
19.
PepiMTamboriniGMaltagliatiAet al. Head-to-head comparison of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the localization of mitral valve prolapse. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:2524-2530.
20.
GrewalJMankadSFreemanWKet al. Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the intraoperative assessment of mitral valve disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:34-41.
21.
BiaggiPJedrzkiewiczSGrunerCet al. Quantification of mitral valve anatomy by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in mitral valve prolapse predicts surgical anatomy and the complexity of mitral valve repair. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25:758-765.
22.
ValocikGKampOVisserCA.Three-dimensional echocardiography in mitral valve disease. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2005;6:443-454.
23.
ValocikGKampOMannaertsHFVisserCA.New quantitative three-dimensional echocardiographic indices of mitral valve stenosis: new 3D indices of mitral stenosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2007;23:707-716.
24.
PérezdeIslaLCassanovaCAlmeríaCet al. Which method should be the reference method to evaluate the severity of rheumatic mitral stenosis? Gorlin’s method versus 3D-echo. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2007;8:470-473.
25.
MinSYSongJMKimYJet al. Discrepancy between mitral valve areas measured by two-dimensional planimetry and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in patients with mitral stenosis. Heart. 2013;99:253-258.
26.
MickSLKeshavamurthySGillinovM.Mitral valve repair versus replacement. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;4:230-237.
27.
VassilevaCMBoleyTMarkwellSHazelriggS.Meta-analysis of short-term and long-term survival following repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;39:295-303.
28.
VirkSASriravindrarajahADunnDet al. A meta-analysis of mitral valve repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;4:400-410.
DemetrioPAndreaCGianclaudioFAntonioMGinoGCarloO.Transesophageal echocardiography in NeoChord procedure. Ann Card Anaesth. 2015;18:191-197.
31.
EnderJKoncar-ZehJMukherjeeCet al. Value of augmented reality-enhanced transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for determining optimal annuloplasty ring size for mitral valve repair. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:1473-1478.
32.
EnderJEibelSMukherjeeCet al. Prediction of the annuloplasty ring size in patients undergoing mitral valve repair using real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011;12:445-453.
33.
FaletraFFPerdrazziniGPasottiEet al. Role of real-time three dimensional transesophageal echocardiography as guidance imaging modality during catheter based edge-to-edge mitral valve repair. Heart. 2013;99:1204-1215.
34.
VegasAMeineriM.Core review: three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography is a major advance for intraoperative clinical management of patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a core review. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1548-1573.
35.
SalcedoEEQuaifeRASeresTCarrollJD.A framework for systematic characterization of the mitral valve by real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:1087-1099.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
