Correlates of Intimate Partner Homicide in the Rural United States: Findings From a National Sample of Rural Counties,2009

Abstract

Intimate partner homicide (IPH) in the U.S. rural context has increased in recent years while other types of homicide have decreased. This suggests that some rural structural characteristics make IPH more likely in rural communities than other forms of homicide. This study used multilevel models to examine individual- and community-level characteristics’ association with IPH in rural counties between 2009 and 2016 in the United States. Overall, individual-level correlates were more strongly associated with IPH than community-level correlates, although increased economic need was associated with IPH in one of the models. Implications for individual-level intervention, policy, and future research are discussed.

Keywords

data merging methodology structural causes rural subtypes intimate partner victim/offender relationship victimization

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Allen

Salari

Buckner

(2018). Homicide illustrated across the ages: Graphic depictions of victim and offender age, sex, and relationship. Journal of Aging and Health, 32(3-4), 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264318812347

Allison

P. D.

(1999). Logistic regression using the SAS system: Theory and application. SAS Institute.

Angrist

J. D.

Pischke

J.-S.

(2009). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist’s companion. Princeton University Press.

Avakame

E. F.

(1999). Females’ labor force participation and intimate femicide: An empirical assessment of the Backlash hypothesis. Violence and Victims, 14(3), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.14.3.277

Beaulieu

Messner

S. F.

(2010). Assessing changes in the effect of divorce rates on homicide rates across large U.S. cities, 1960-2000: Revisiting the Chicago school. Homicide Studies, 14(1), 24–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767909353020

Beyer

K. M. M.

Layde

P. M.

Hamberger

L. K.

Laud

P. W.

(2013). Characteristics of the residential neighborhood environment differentiate intimate partner femicide in urban versus rural settings. Journal of Rural Health, 29(3), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2012.00448.x

Bureau of Justice Statistics, U. S. Department of Justice. (2018). Law enforcement agency identifiers crosswalk, 2012. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR35158.v1

Campbell

J. C.

Glass

Sharps

P. W.

Laughon

Bloom

(2007). Intimate partner homicide: Review and implications of research and policy. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 8(3), 246–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838007303505

Campbell

J. C.

Webster

Koziol-McLain

Block

Campbell

Curry

M. A.

Laughon

(2003). Risk factors for femicide in abusive relationships: Results from a multisite case control study. American Journal of Public Health, 93(7), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.7.1089

10.

Catalano

Smith

Snyder

Rand

(2009). Female victims of violence (No. NCJ 228356). https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/fvv.pdf

11.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). National violent death reporting system. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/datasources/nvdrs/index.html

12.

DeJong

Pizarro

J. M.

McGarrell

E. F.

(2011). Can situational and structural factors differentiate between intimate partner and “other” homicide? Journal of Family Violence, 26(5), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-011-9371-7

13.

Dìez

Kurland

R. P.

Rothman

E. F.

Bair-Merritt

Fleegler

Xuan

Siegel

(2017). State intimate partner violence-related firearm laws and intimate partner homicide rates in the United States, 1991 to 2015. Annals of Internal Medicine, 167(8), 536–543. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2849

14.

Dugan

Nagin

D. S.

Rosenfeld

(1999). Explaining the decline in intimate partner homicide: The effects of changing domesticity, women’s status and domestic violence resources. Homicide Studies, 3(3), 187–214.

15.

Dugan

Nagin

D. S.

Rosenfeld

(2003). Exposure reduction or retaliation? The effects of domestic violence resources on intimate-partner homicide. Law & Society Review, 37(1), 169–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5893.3701005

16.

Everytown for Gun Safety. (2018). Gun law navigator. https://everytownresearch.org/navigator/?source=etno_ETHP&utm_source=et_n_&utm_medium=_o&utm_campaign=ETHP

17.

Fox

J. A.

Fridel

E. E.

(2016). Codebook for the multiply-imputed supplementary homicide reports file 1976-2016. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University.

18.

Fox

J. A.

Fridel

E. E.

(2017). Gender differences in patterns and trends in U.S. homicide, 1976–2015. Violence and Gender, 4(2), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0016

19.

Fox

J. A.

Swatt

M. L.

(2009). Multiple imputation of the supplementary homicide reports, 1976-2005. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25(1), 51–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-008-9058-2

20.

Fridel

E. E.

Fox

J. A.

(2019). Gender differences in patterns and trends in U.S. homicide, 1976–2017. Violence and Gender, 6(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2019.0005

21.

Frye

Wilt

(2001). Femicide and social disorganization. Violence Against Women, 7(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778010122182479

22.

Gallup-Black

(2005). Twenty years of rural and urban trends in family and intimate partner homicide: Does place matter? Homicide Studies, 9(2), 149–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767904274158

23.

Garcia

Soria

Hurwitz

E. L.

(2007). Homicides and intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 8(4), 370–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838007307294

24.

Gillespie

L. K.

Reckdenwald

(2017). Gender equality, place, and female-victim intimate partner homicide: A county-level analysis in North Carolina. Feminist Criminology, 12(2), 171–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085115620479

25.

Gollub

E. L.

Gardner

(2019). Firearm legislation and firearm use in female intimate partner homicide using National Violent Death Reporting System data. Preventive Medicine, 118, 216–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.11.007

26.

Hair

J. F.

Black

W. C.

Babin

B. J.

Anderson

R. E.

Tatham

R. L.

(2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. 7th ed. New York: Pearson.

27.

Herne

M. A.

Maschino

A. C.

Graham-Phillips

A. L.

(2016). Homicide among American Indians/Alaska natives, 1999-2009. Public Health Reports, 131(4), 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354916662219

28.

Jack

S. P. D.

Petrosky

Lyons

B. H.

Blair

J. M.

Ertl

A. M.

Sheats

K. J.

Betz

C. J.

(2018). Surveillance for violent deaths—National violent death reporting system, 27 states, 2015. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 67(11), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6711a1

29.

Jennings

W. G.

Piquero

A. R.

(2008). Trajectories of non-intimate partner and intimate partner homicides, 1980-1999: The importance of rurality. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(5), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.07.002

30.

Kellerman

A. L.

Rivara

F. P.

Rushforth

N. B.

Banton

J. G.

Reay

D. T.

Francisco

J. T.

Somes

(1993). Gun ownership as a risk factor for homicide in the home. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329(15), 1084–1091.

31.

Lee

M. R.

Stevenson

G. D.

(2006). Gender-specific homicide offending in rural areas. Homicide Studies, 10(1), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767905283640

32.

Liles

Moak

(2018). Feminist pathways and female homicide offenders. In Deflem

(Ed.), Homicide and violent crime (pp. 43–60). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-613620180000023004

33.

Lynch

K. R.

Jackson

D. B.

(2019). Ready to pull the trigger? Adapting the health belief model to assess the implementation of domestic violence gun policy at the community level. Psychology of Violence, 9(1), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000163

34.

Madkour

A. S.

Martin

S. L.

Halpern

C. T.

Schoenbach

V. J.

(2010). Area disadvantage and intimate partner homicide: An ecological analysis of North Carolina counties, 2004-2006. Violence and Victims, 25(3), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.3.363

35.

Makarios

Steiner

Travis

L. F.

(2010). Examining the predictors of recidivism among men and women released from prison in Ohio. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(12), 1377–1391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854810382876

36.

Matthay

E. C.

Galin

Rudolph

K. E.

Farkas

Wintemute

G. J.

Ahern

(2017). In-State and interstate associations between gun shows and firearm deaths and injuries. Annals of Internal Medicine, 167(12), 837–844. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-1792

37.

Musca

S. C.

Kamiejski

Nugier

Méot

Er-Rafiy

Brauer

(2011). Data with hierarchical structure: Impact of intraclass correlation and sample size on Type-I error. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(APR), 1–6.

38.

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). United States suicide injury deaths and rates per 100,000: All races, both sexes, all ages. https://wisqars-viz.cdc.gov:8006/explore-data/home

39.

Parker

Horowitz

Igielnik

Oliphant

Brown

(2017). America’s complex relationship with guns: An in-depth look at the attitudes and experiences of U.S. adults. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/06/22/americas-complex-relationship-with-guns/

40.

Paulozzi

L. J.

Saltzman

L. E.

Thompson

M. P.

Holmgreen

(2001). Surveillance for Homicide Among Intimate Partners—United States, 1981–1998. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 50(SS03), 1–16. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5003a1.htm

41.

Petrosky

Betz

C. J.

Fowler

K. A.

Jack

S. P. D.

Blair

J. M.

Lyons

B. H.

(2017). Racial and ethnic differences in homicides of adult women and the role of intimate partner violence—United States, 2003–2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 66(28), 741–746. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6628a1

42.

Ratcliffe

Burd

Holder

Fields

(2016). Defining rural at the U.S. census bureau: American community survey and geography brief (No. ACSGEO-1). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16410.64969

43.

Reckdenwald

Parker

K. F.

(2012). Understanding the change in male and female intimate partner homicide over time: A policy-and theory-relevant investigation. Feminist Criminology, 7(3), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085111428445

44.

Reckdenwald

Szalewski

Yohros

(2019). Place, injury patterns, and female-victim intimate partner homicide. Violence Against Women, 25(6), 654–676. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218797467

45.

Regoeczi

W. C.

Jarvis

J. P.

(2013). Beyond the social production of homicide rates: Extending social disorganization theory to explain homicide case outcomes. Justice Quarterly, 30(6), 983–1014. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2011.639793

46.

Riddell

C. A.

Harper

Cerdá

Kaufman

J. S.

(2018). Comparison of rates of firearm and Nonfirearm homicide and suicide in Black and White non-Hispanic men, by U.S. state. Annals of Internal Medicine, 168(10), 712–720. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-2976

47.

Rogers

M. L.

Pridemore

W. A.

(2013). The effect of poverty and social protection on national homicide rates: Direct and moderating effects. Social Science Research, 42(3), 584–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.12.005

48.

Sampson

R. J.

Groves

W. B.

(1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802. https://doi.org/10.1086/229068

49.

Siegel

Ross

C. S.

King

I. I. I. C.

(2013). The relationship between gun ownership and firearm homicide rates in the United States, 1981-2010. American Journal of Public Health, 103(11), 2098–2106. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301409

50.

Snijders

T. A. B.

Bosker

R. J.

(2012). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling (2nd ed.). SAGE.

51.

Stöckl

Devries

Rotstein

Abrahams

Campbell

Watts

Moreno

C. G.

(2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: A systematic review. The Lancet, 382(9895), 859–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61030-2

52.

Szalewski

Huff-Corzine

Reckdenwald

(2019). Trading places: Microlevel predictors of women who commit intimate partner homicide. Homicide Studies, 23, 344–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767919829514

53.

Tabachnick

B. G.

Fidell

L. S.

(2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson.

54.

United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. (2018). Global study on homicide: Gender-related killing of women and girls.

55.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2018a). B19057: Public assistance income in the past 12 months for households, American Community Survey 5-year estimates. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/download_center.xhtml

56.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2018b). S1201: Marital status, American Community Survey 5-year estimates. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/download_center.xhtml

57.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2018c). S1501 Educational attainment, American Community Survey 5-year estimates. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/download_center.xhtml

58.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2018d). S1701: Poverty status in the past 12 months, American Community Survey 5-year estimates. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/download_center.xhtml

59.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2018e). S2301: Employment status, American Community Survey 5-year estimates. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/download_center.xhtml

60.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2018a). Rural-urban continuum codes. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes/

61.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2018b). Rural-urban continuum codes: Documentation.

62.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Basic HHS Policy for Protection of Human Research Subjects, Pub. L. No. 45 CFR § 46.102 (2018).

63.

U.S. Fish And Wildlife Service. (2018). Historical hunting license data. https://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/subpages/licenseinfo/hunting.htm

64.

Vigdor

E. R.

Mercy

J. A.

(2006). Do laws restricting access to firearms by domestic violence offenders prevent intimate partner homicide? Evaluation Review, 30(3), 313–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193841X06287307

65.

Wadsworth

Roberts

J. M.

(2008). When missing data are not missing: A new approach to evaluating supplemental homicide report imputation strategies. Criminology, 46(4), 841–870. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2008.00129.x

66.

Weisheit

R. A.

Wells

L. E.

(2005). Deadly violence in the heartland: Comparing homicide patterns in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties. Homicide Studies, 9(1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767904271434

67.

Wells

L. E.

Weisheit

R. A.

(2013). Explaining crime in metropolitan and non-metropolitan communities. International Journal of Rural Criminology, 1(2), 153–183. https://doi.org/10.18061/1811/53700

Correlates of Intimate Partner Homicide in the Rural United States: Findings From a National Sample of Rural Counties,2009–2016

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References