A 10-year-old nonverbal Greek boy, C.Z., Who had been diagnosed With both bilateral sensorineural profound hearing loss and autism, Was taught to use the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), With some modifications and extensions, over a 4-month intensive intervention period. C.Z.'s original communication and behavioral status as Well as the PECS application process are presented, along With the communicative, language, and psychosocial outcomes folloWing the intervention program. FolloW-up data Were collected 6 months post.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author .
2.
American Speech—Language—Hearing Association. (1989). Competencies for speech—language pathologists providing services in augmentative communication. ASHA, 31, 107—110.
3.
Bondy, A.S., & Frost, L.A. (1994). The picture exchange communication system. Focus on AutisticBehavior, 9, 1—19.
4.
Bondy, A.S., & Frost, L.A. (1998). The picture exchange communication system. Seminars in Speech and Language, 19, 373—388.
5.
Bondy, A.S., & Frost, L.A. (2001). The picture exchange communication system. Behavior Modification, 25, 725—744.
6.
Bondy, A., & Peterson, S. (1990). The point is not the point: Picture-exchange communication system with young students with autism. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Behavioral Analysis, Nashville, TN.
7.
Cafiero, J.M. (2001). The effect of an augmentative communication intervention on the communication, behavior and academic program of an adolescent with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disorders , 16, 179—189
8.
Carr, E.G., Binkoff J.A., Kologinsky, E., & Eddy, M. (1978). Acquisition of sign language by autistic children. I: Expressive labeling. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis , 11, 489—501.
9.
Chambers, M., & Rehfeldt, R. (2003). Assessing the acquisition and generalization of two mand forms with adults with severe developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 24, 265—280.
10.
Charlop-Christy, M.H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L.A., & Kellet, K. (2002). Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: Assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicative behavior, and problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 213—231.
11.
Charlop, M.H., Shreibman, L., & Thibodeau, M.G. (1985). Increasing spontaneous verbal responding in autistic children using a time delay procedure. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 155—166.
12.
Chess, S. (1971). Autism in children with congenital rubella. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 33—47.
13.
Conn-Wesson, B., Vohr, B.R., Sininger, Y.S., Widen, J.E., Folsom, R.C., Gorga, M.P., & Norton, S.J. (2000). Identification of neonatal hearing impairment: infants with hearing loss. Ear and Hearing, 21, 488—507.
14.
DeLeon, I.G., Iwata, B.A., & Roscoe, E.M. (1997). Displacement of leisure reinforcers by food during preference assessments. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , 30, 475—484.
15.
Finnegan, G., Mclaughlin, D., Ryan, L., Wachowiak, J., Swanson, C., & Bondy, A. (1987, May). The impact of alternative/augmentative communication systems on inappropriate behaviors. Paper presented at the convention of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Nashville, TN.
16.
Frost, L.A., & Bondy, A.S. (1994). The picture exchange communication system: Training manual. Newark, DE: Pyramid Educational Consultants.
17.
Ganz, J., & Simpson, R. (2004). Effects on communicative requesting and speech development of the picture exchange communication system in children with characteristics of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 395—409.
18.
Gillberg, C., & Steffenburg, S. (1993). Debate and argument: Reply to A. G. Gordon: The evidence for pathogenetic role of peripheral hearing deficits in autism is extremely limited. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 34, 593—596.
19.
Gordon A.G. (1991). Co-occurrence of deafness and infantile autism . American Journal of Psychiatry,148(11), 1615.
Jure, R., Rapin, I., & Tuchman, R.F. (1991). Hearing-impaired autistic children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 33, 1062—1072.
23.
Konstantareas, M.M., & Homatidis, S. (1987). Brief report: Ear infections in autistic and normal children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 585—594.
24.
Kravits, T.R., Kamps, D.M., Kemmerer, K., & Potucek, J. (2002). Brief report: Increasing communication skills for an elementary-aged student with autism using the picture exchange communication system. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 225—230.
25.
Liddle, K. (2001). Implementing the picture exchange communication system (PECS). International Journal of Communication Disorders , 36, 391—395.
26.
Lovaas, O.I. (1977). The autistic child: Language development through behavior modification. NY: Irvington Publishers.
27.
Nadol, J.B. (1993) Hearing loss. The New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 1092—1102.
28.
Roper, L., Arnold, P., & Monteiro, B. (2003). Co-occurrence of autism and deafness. Autism, 7, 245—253.
29.
Rosenhall, U., Nordin, V., Sandstrom, M., Ahlsen, G., & Gillberg, C. (1999). Autism and hearing loss. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 349—357.
30.
Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1992). Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectation and pupils' intellectual development. New York: Irvington.
31.
Smith, D.E.P., Miller, S.D., Stewart, M., Walter, T.L., & Mc-Connell, J.V. (1988). Conductive hearing loss in autistic, learning-disabled and normal children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 53—65.
32.
Stubbs, G.E., Ash, E., & Williams, C.P.S. (1984). Autism and congenital cytomegalovirus . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14, 183—189.
33.
van Schrojenstein Lantman-de Valk, H.M. (1997). Prevalence and incidence of health problems in people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41, 42—51.