Worker safety remains a significant challenge in Tanzania’s construction industry, mirroring trends in many developing nations. The main goal of this study is to explore indicators to analyse the safety climate on construction sites. The sample size of 255 building construction projects in five Tanzanian regions, namely Arusha Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Mbeya and Mwanza. This study employs Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using Smart PLS to conduct Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to reduce the 143 explored factors into the 19 most important ones using Smart PLS 4. Based on overall model fit indices, the determined standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.09 < 0.1, Normed fit index (NFI) = 0.545, and Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.762, and p-value of 0.000 was obtained. The research will assist policymakers, and construction contractor companies’ safety professionals in analysing the safety climate in construction sites.
AdamiP.RodriguesP. B.WoodsP. J.Becerik-GerberB.SoibelmanL.Copur-GencturkY.LucasG. (2021). Effectiveness of VR-based training on improving construction workers’ knowledge, skills, and safety behavior in robotic teleoperation. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 50, 101431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2021.101431
2.
AjithS.ArumugaprabuV.AjithV.NareshK.SreekanthP. S. R. (2022). Hazard identification and risk assessment in firework industry. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56(10), 1083–1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.102
3.
AlaloulW. S.LiewM. S.ZawawiN. A. W.MohammedB. S.AdamuM.MusharatM. A. (2020). Structural equation modelling of construction project performance based on coordination factors. Cogent Engineering, 7(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2020.1726069
4.
AliakbarlouS.WilkinsonS.CostelloS. B. (2018). Rethinking client value within construction contracting services. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 11(4), 1007–1025. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-07-2017-0076
5.
AlruqiW. M.HallowellM. R.TecheraU. (2018). Safety climate dimensions and their relationship to construction safety performance: A meta-analytic review. Safety Science, 109, 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.05.019
6.
AlsamadaniR.HallowellM.Javernick-WillA. N. (2013). Measuring and modeling safety communication in small work crews in the US using social network analysis. Construction Management & Economics, 31(6), 568–579. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2012.685486
7.
AmmarA.Al-ShabbaniZ.DadiG. (2022). Assessing the safety climate of a state department of transportation through its highway maintenance crews. In Construction research congress 2022: Health and safety, workforce, and education - Selected papers from construction research congress 2022, 4-D(March) (pp. 345–355). ASCE Library. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483985.035
8.
AshuroZ.ZeleY. T.KabthymerR. H.DiribaK.TesfawA.AlamnehA. A. (2021). Prevalence of work-related injury and its determinants among construction workers in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2021(1), 9954084. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9954084
9.
BajpaiA.MisraS. C. (2020). Identifying critical risk factors for use of digitalization in construction industry: A case study. In: Proceedings - 2020 IEEE India council international subsections conference (pp. 124–128). INDISCON 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/INDISCON50162.2020.00036
10.
BeckerJ.KnackstedtR.PöppelbußJ. (2009). Developing maturity models for IT management. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 1(3), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-009-0044-5
11.
BerglundL.JohanssonJ.JohanssonM.NygrenM.StenbergM. (2023). Exploring safety culture research in the construction industry. Work, 76(2), 549–560. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-220214
12.
BilirS.GurcanliG. E. (2015). An approach for safety cost estimation of building construction. In ISEC 2015 - 8th international structural engineering and construction conference: Implementing innovative ideas in structural engineering and project management. ISEC Press. https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.res.2015.44
13.
BirhaneG. E.YangL.GengJ.ZhuJ. (2020). Causes of construction injuries: A review. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: JOSE, 28(1), 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2020.1761678
ChanA. P.JavedA. A.LyuS.HonC. K.WongF. K. (2016). Strategies for improving safety and health of ethnic minority construction workers. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(9), 05016007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001148
16.
ChanA. P.JavedA. A.WongF. K.HonC. K.LyuS. (2017). Evaluating the safety climate of ethnic minority construction workers in Hong Kong. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 143(4), Article 04017006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ei.1943-5541.0000333
17.
ChangJ. I.LiangC. L. (2009). Performance evaluation of process safety management systems of paint manufacturing facilities. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22(4), 398–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2009.02.004
18.
ChenQ.JinR. (2013). Multilevel safety culture and climate survey for assessing new safety program. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(7), 805–817. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000659
19.
ChenY.MaC.LongY. (2023). Simulation study of the propagation of underground-construction worker unsafe behavior. Sage Open, 13(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231200925
20.
ChengC. W.LeuS. S.LinC. C.FanC. (2010). Characteristic analysis of occupational accidents at small construction enterprises. Safety Science, 48(6), 698–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.02.001
CorreiaE.CarvalhoH.AzevedoS. G.GovindanK. (2017). Maturity models in supply chain sustainability: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 9(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010064
23.
CrawfordJ. K. (2002). Project management maturity model: Providing a proven path to project management excellence. Marcel Dekker Inc.
24.
Di BenedettoM. D.Di GennaroS.D’InnocenzoA. (2007). Diagnosability verification for hybrid automata and durational graphs. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on decision and control. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CDC.2007.4435038
25.
Diófási-KovácsO.TátraiT. (2024). Environmentally sustainable public procurement of construction projects – Implementing circularity approach. Public Works Management & Policy, 30(1), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X241290269
26.
EnshassiA.MohamedS.AbushabanS. (2009). Factors affecting the performance of construction projects in the Gaza strip. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 15(3), 269–280. https://doi.org/10.3846/1392-3730.2009.15.269-280
FortezaF. J.Carretero-GómezJ. M.SeséA. (2017). Occupational risks, accidents on sites and economic performance of construction firms. Safety Science, 94, 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.01.003
29.
Garcia-OjedaJ. C.ArgotiA.BertokB.FriedlerF. (2020). Modeling and assessing evacuation route plans by resorting to the P-graph framework. In 2020 smart cities symposium Prague, SCSP 2020 (pp. 7–12). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SCSP49987.2020.9134050
HallowellM. R.HinzeJ. W.BaudK. C.WehleA. (2013). Proactive construction safety control: Measuring, monitoring, and responding to safety leading indicators. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(10), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000730
32.
HamidA. R. A.Wan YusufW. Z.SinghB. (2013). Hazards at construction sites. In: Proceedings of the 5th Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (APSEC 2003), 26 – 28 August 2003, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (pp. 95–104). https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/220724
33.
HanákT.KorytárováJ. (2014). Estimating large-scale damages to real property. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 119, 829–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.093
34.
HooperD.CoughlanJ.MullenM. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
35.
HoweA. S.TanJ.YuenB.SainiH.Saade-ClevesN.ObeidatD.ShahzadM.ChattuV. K.FatemiA. B.Nowrouzi-KiaB. (2024). Physical and psychosocial correlates of occupational physical injury in the global construction industry: A scoping review. Environmental Health Insights, 18, 11786302241270371. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302241270371
36.
HuL.BentlerP. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037//1082-989x.3.4.424
37.
HuL.-T.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
38.
HuangY. H.LeeJ.McFaddenA. C.RineerJ.RobertsonM. M. (2017). Individual employee’s perceptions of “ Group-level Safety Climate” (supervisor referenced) versus “ Organization-level Safety Climate” (top management referenced): Associations with safety outcomes for lone workers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 98, 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.09.016
39.
HuangY. H.VermaS. K.ChangW. R.CourtneyT. K.LombardiD. A.BrennanM. J.PerryM. J. (2012). Management commitment to safety vs. employee perceived safety training and association with future injury. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 47(July), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.12.001
40.
IsmailZ.DoostdarS.HarunZ. (2012). Factors influencing the implementation of a safety management system for construction sites. Safety Science, 50(3), 418–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.10.001
41.
JaafarM. H.ArifinK.AiyubK.RazmanM. R.IshakM. I. S.SamsurijanM. S. (2018). Occupational safety and health management in the construction industry: A review. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: JOSE, 24(4), 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2017.1366129
42.
JohnsonD. C.MirandaR.AakreK. T.RobertsC. C.PatelM. D.KreckeK. N. (2010). Process improvement: What is it, why is it important, and how is it done?AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 194(2), 461–468. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.09.3213
43.
JouR. C.ChenT. Y. (2015). The willingness to pay of parties to traffic accidents for loss of productivity and consolation compensation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 85, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.08.021
KajumuloK. (2023). Identification and analysis of key elements for improving construction management performance in Tanzania. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 12(2), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijcem.20231202.02
47.
KajumuloK.MatindanaJ.MohamedF. (2023). Exploring current and future research trends on safety climate in construction projects. Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology, 42(1), 113–134. https://doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v42i1.893
48.
KajumuloK.MatindanaJ.MohamedF. (2024). Modelling of safety performance in building construction projects using system dynamics approach in Tanzania. Safety, 10(57), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10030057
49.
KajumuloK.MatindanaJ.MohammedF. (2025). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based Safety Climate Maturity Model for building construction projects in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Science, 51(1), 26–41. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v51i1.3
50.
KajumuloK.MatindanaJ.MohammedF. (2025). The status of safety climate in building construction projects in Tanzania. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation. [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-05-2024-0097
KaltehH. O.MortazaviS. B.MohammadiE.SalesiM. (2021). The relationship between safety culture and safety climate and safety performance: A systematic review. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: JOSE, 27(1), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2018.1556976
53.
KanchanaS.SivaprakashP.JosephS. (2015). Studies on labour safety in construction sites. TheScientificWorldJOURNAL, 2015(1), 590810. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/590810
KarakhanA.GambateseJ. (2018). Hazards and risk in construction and the impact of incentives and rewards on safety outcomes. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 23(2), 04018005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000359
KengT. C.RazakN. A. (2014). Case studies on the safety management at construction site. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 9(2), 90–108.
58.
KhairulA. S. T.Norzaimi CheA. M.KamalI. A.RiduanI. M.ShamsuddinK.AniM.IsmailA.IbrahimM. (2015). Investigation the safety, health and environment (SHE) protection in construction area. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 2(6), 624–636. https://www.irjet.net
59.
KhanF.RathnayakaS.AhmedS. (2015). Methods and models in process safety and risk management: Past, present and future. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 98, 116–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2015.07.005
60.
KhosraviY.Asilian-MahabadiH.HajizadehE.Hassanzadeh-RangiN.BastaniH.BehzadanA. H. (2014). Factors influencing unsafe behaviors and accidents on construction sites: A review. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: JOSE, 20(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2014.11077023
61.
KikwasiG. J.EscalanteC. (2020). The construction sector in Tanzania. Mining for Change (pp. 256–281). pg: UNU-WIDER, Oxford University Press.
62.
KimN. K.RahimN. F. A.IranmaneshM.ForoughiB. (2019). The role of the safety climate in the successful implementation of safety management systems. Safety Science, 118(October 2020), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.05.008
63.
KinesP.AndersenL. P. S.SpangenbergS.MikkelsenK. L.DyreborgJ.ZoharD. (2010). Improving construction site safety through leader-based verbal safety communication. Journal of Safety Research, 41(5), 399–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2010.06.005
64.
KlineR. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
65.
KothariC. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
66.
KwonY. T.SonS.KimS.HaS. G.SonK. (2021). Worker safety perception analysis of South Korean construction sites. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: JOSE, 27(2), 488–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2019.1603709
67.
LarsmanP.Ulfdotter SamuelssonA.RäisänenC.RappR. M.GrillM. (2024). Role modeling of safety-leadership behaviors in the construction industry: A two-wave longitudinal study. Work, 77(2), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-230031
68.
LaryeaS.LeiringerR. T. F.HughesW. (2010). Resident’S perception of the central sewage system in the federal Capital City, Abuja-Nigeria. In: Proceedings of the West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference 2010,459–467. 27–28 July 2010, Accra, Ghana.
69.
LingardH.CookeT.BlismasN. (2012). Do perceptions of supervisors’ safety responses mediate the relationship between perceptions of the organizational safety climate and incident rates in the construction supply chain?Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 138(2), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000372
70.
LingardH. C.CookeT.BlismasN. (2010). Safety climate in conditions of construction subcontracting: A multi-level analysis. Construction Management & Economics, 28(8), 813–825. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446190903480035
71.
LoosemoreM.MaloufN. (2019). Safety training and positive safety attitude formation in the Australian construction industry. Safety Science, 113(November 2018), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.11.029
72.
LuoT. (2020a). Safety climate: Current status of the research and future prospects. Journal of Safety Science and Resilience, 1(2), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlssr.2020.09.001
73.
LuoT. (2020b). Safety climate: Current status of the research and future prospects. Journal of Safety Science and Resilience, 1(2), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlssr.2020.09.001
74.
ManapN.Mohd NohN. H.SyahromN. (2018). Recruitment criteria and attraction strategies for local trained labour in Malaysia’s construction industry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 109(1), Article 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/109/1/012011
75.
MarksE.AwolusiI. G.McKayB. (2016). Near-hit reporting: Reducing construction industry injuries. Professional Safety, 61(5), 56–62.
76.
Martínez-RojasM.Soto-HidalgoJ. M.Martínez-AiresM. D.Rubio-RomeroJ. C. (2022). An analysis of occupational accidents involving national and international construction workers in Spain using the association rule technique. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 28(3), 1490–1501. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1901433
77.
MatindanaJ. M. (2010). Micro and macro-modelling of environmental information systems for decision-making in Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam.
78.
MemonM. A.RamayahT.CheahJ. H.TingH.ChuahF.ChamT. H. (2021). Pls-Sem statistical programs: A review. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 5(1), i–xiv. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.5(1)06
79.
MihićM. (2020). Classification of construction hazards for a universal hazard identification methodology. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 26(2), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2020.11932
80.
MohamedI. F.EdwardsD. J.Mateo-GarciaM.CostinG.ThwalaW. D. D. (2020). An investigation into the construction industry’s view on fire prevention in high-rise buildings post Grenfell. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, 38(3), 451–471. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBPA-05-2019-0048
MohammadiA.TavakolanM.KhosraviY. (2018). Factors influencing safety performance on construction projects: A review. Safety Science, 109(October 2016), 382–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.06.017
83.
MohseniP. H.FarshadA. A.MirkazemiR.OrakR. J. (2015). Assessment of the living and workplace health and safety conditions of site-resident construction workers in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: JOSE, 21(4), 568–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2015.1096061
84.
MoslyI. (2019). Factors influencing safety climate in the construction industry: A review. International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 8(3), 105–109. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijcem.20190803.03
85.
MremaE. J.NgowiA. V.MamuyaS. H. D. (2015). Status of occupational health and safety and related challenges in expanding economy of Tanzania. Annals of Global Health, 81(4), 538–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.021
86.
MroszczykJ. W. (2015). Improving construction safety; A team effort. Professional safety, 60(June), 55–68.
87.
MwakajilaH. M.KessyS. S. A.SangaJ. J. (2019). Employees’ participation and innovative work behaviour in manufacturing small and medium enterprises in Tanzania. ORSEA Journal, 9, 47–56.
88.
MwemeziB. R.KikwasiG. J.PhoyaS. (2023). The paradox of health and safety risks: A disclose of handling strategies in informal construction sites in Tanzania. The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 12(3), 372–381. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v12i3.2023.372-381
89.
NabiM. A.El-AdawayI. H.DagliC. (2020). A system dynamics model for construction safety behavior. Procedia Computer Science, 168(2019), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.02.254
90.
NathN. D.BehzadanA. H.PaalS. G. (2020). Deep learning for site safety: Real-time detection of personal protective equipment. Automation in Construction, 112(January), Article 103085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2020.103085
91.
NeamatS. D. S. (2019). A comparative study of safety leading and lagging indicators measuring project safety performance. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, 4(6), 306–312. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj040639
92.
NiuM.LeichtR. M.RowlinsonS. (2016). Overview and analysis of safety climate studies in the construction industry. In Construction Research Congress 2016 (pp. 2926–2935). ASCE Library.
93.
NkambweI.DominicT. (2020). Work engagement among employees of health based NGOs: Do all its dimensions matter for quality service delivery?ORSEA Journal, 10(2), 20–32.
94.
NyabiogeB. M.Wachira-ToweyI. N.RalwalaA. O. (2022). Safety in building construction works: A review of the causes of accidents and safety regulations requirements in Kenya. Journal of the Kenya …, 2(December 2022), 1–12. https://journals.unesco.go.ke/index.php/jknatcom/article/download/6/6
95.
ObedgiuV.LagatC.SangJ. (2022). Talent management and employee performance: The moderating effect of transformational leadership. ORSEA Journal, 12(1), 16–38.
96.
ObolewiczJ.BaryłkaA.SzotaM.RychlikA. (2022). Technical safety considerations for construction sites. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 115(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2340
97.
OkoyeP. U.EzeokonkwoJ. U.EzeokoliF. O. (2016). Building construction workers’ health and safety knowledge and compliance on site. Journal of Safety Engineering, 2016(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.safety.20160501.03
98.
PamidimukkalaA.KermanshachiS.KarthickS. (2020, June). Impact of natural disasters on construction projects: Strategies to prevent cost and schedule overruns in reconstruction projects. In Creative construction e-conference 2020 (pp. 49–57). Budapest, Hungary: Budapest University of Technology and Economics.
99.
PöllänenM.KatkoT. S. (2025). Assessing road safety impacts of policy actions in Finland 2004-2021. Public Works Management & Policy, 30(2), 222–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X241308308
100.
RahmanA.LeifelsK.AdakporiaK. O. (2025). Risk and causative factors of psychological harm among construction workers: A systematic review. Workplace Health & Safety, 73(6), 266–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/21650799241303529
101.
RanasingheM.TekongP.LankaS. (2014). Study on the impact of accidents on construction. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials Journal, 7(December), 58–67.
102.
RotimiF. E.BraunerM.BurfootM.NaismithN. N.SilvaC. W. C.MohagheghM. (2023). Work environment challenge and the wellbeing of women in construction industry in New Zealand – The mediating role of work morale. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 31(11), 4417–4438. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-02-2023-0152
103.
SarstedtM.CheahJ. H. (2019). Partial least squares structural equation modeling using SmartPLS: A software review. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 7(3), 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41270-019-00058-3
104.
SaurinT. A.FormosoC. T.ReckR.Beck da Silva EtgesB. M.RibeiroJ. L. D. (2015). Findings from the analysis of incident-reporting systems of construction companies. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 141(9), 05015007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0000988
105.
ShamsuddinK. A.AniM. N. C.IsmailA. K.IbrahimM. R. (2015). Investigation the safety, health and environment (SHE) protection inConstruction area. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 2(6), 624–636.
106.
SimpehF.AmoahC. (2023). Assessment of measures instituted to curb the spread of COVID-19 on construction site. International Journal of Construction Management, 23(3), 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2021.1874678
107.
SohnC. H.SeoD. W.RyooS. M.LeeJ. H.KimW. Y.LimK. S.OhB. J. (2014). Life-threatening methemoglobinemia after unintentional ingestion of antifreeze admixtures containing sodium nitrite in the construction sites. Clinical Toxicology, 52(1), 44–47. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2013.863327
108.
SoltaninejadM.FardhosseiniM. S.KimY. W. (2022). Safety climate and productivity improvement of construction workplaces through the 6S system: Mixed-method analysis of 5S and safety integration. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: JOSE, 28(3), 1811–1821. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.1935624
109.
Sønderstrup-AndersenH. H.CarlsenK. A.KinesP. E.BjoernerJ. B.RoepstorffC. H. (2011). Exploring the relationship between leadership style and safety climate in a large scale Danish cross-sectional study. Safety Science, 15(1), 9.
110.
SparerE. H.HerrickR. F.DennerleinJ. T. (2015). Development of a safety communication and recognition program for construction. New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy: NS, 25(1), 42–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1048291115569025
111.
SteinC. M.MorrisN. J.NockN. L. (2012). Structural equation modeling. Methods in Molecular Biology, 850(November 2014), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-555-8
112.
SutantoF. P.SetiawanB.MauludinA.ZuraidaR. (2023). Deming cycle utilization in construction project for modular building construction for oil and gas industry. Jurnal Tekno, 20(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.33557/jtekno.v20i1.2262
Taylor MooreJ.CigularovK. P.SampsonJ. M. (2013). Construction workers’ reasons for not reporting work-related injuries: an exploratory study. International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics, 19(1), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2013.11076969
115.
TrinhM. T.FengY. (2020). Impact of project complexity on construction safety performance: Moderating role of resilient safety culture. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 146(2), 04019103. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001758
116.
Van der MolenH. F.BasnetP.HoonakkerP. L. T.LehtolaM. M.LappalainenJ.Frings-DresenM. H. W.HaslamR.VerbeekJ. H. (2018). Interventions to prevent injuries in construction workers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006251.pub4
117.
WangM.SunJ.DuH.WangC. (2018). Relations between safety climate, awareness, and behavior in the Chinese construction industry: A hierarchical linear investigation. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2018(1), 6580375.
118.
WangweS.MmariD.AikaeliJ.RutatinaN.MboghoinaT.KinyondoA. (2014). The performance of the manufacturing sector in Tanzania: Challenges and the way forward. World Institute for Development Economics Research, Unu-Wider. https://www.wider.unu.edu/node/1274
119.
WhiteoakJ. W.MohamedS. (2016). Employee engagement, boredom and frontline construction workers feeling safe in their workplace. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 93, 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.11.001
120.
WijeratneW. M. P. U.PereraB. A. K. S.De SilvaL. (2014). Identification and assessment risks in maintenance operations. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 4(4), 384–405. https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-09-2013-0041
121.
WilliamsJ.FugarF.AdinyiraE. (2020). Assessment of health and safety culture maturity in the construction industry in developing economies: A case of Ghanaian construction industry. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 18(4), 865–881. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-06-2019-0151
122.
WilliamsenM. (2013). Near-Miss reporting A missing link in safety culture. Professional Safety - The Journal of the American Society of Safety Engineers, 58(May), 46–50.
123.
WingeS.AlbrechtsenE.MostueB. A. (2019). Causal factors and connections in construction accidents. Safety Science, 112(7491), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.10.015
124.
WongT. K. M.ManS. S.ChanA. H. S. (2020). Critical factors for the use or non-use of personal protective equipment amongst construction workers. Safety Science, 126(November 2019), Article 104663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104663
125.
WuX.LiuQ.ZhangL.SkibniewskiM. J.WangY. (2015). Prospective safety performance evaluation on construction sites. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 78, 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.02.003
126.
WuX.YuanH.WangG.LiS.WuG. (2019). Impacts of lean construction on safety systems: A system dynamics approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020221
127.
XiaopingB.TaoP. (2021). Strategic learning and knowledge management of technological innovation in safety evaluation planning of construction projects. Sage Open, 11(4), 21582440211061536. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211061536
128.
XuJ.LiJ.ChenX. (2024). Assessment of technology adoption in construction safety management: Case study in China. Science Progress, 107(4), 368504241304198. https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504241304198
129.
YangY.YanR.GaoY.FengF.MengY. (2023). Joint efforts: Can we succeed? Stimulating organizational citizenship behaviors through a psychosocial safety climate. Sage Open, 13(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231193307
130.
YapJ. B. H.LeeW. K. (2020). Analysing the underlying factors affecting safety performance in building construction. Production Planning & Control, 31(13), 1061–1076. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1695292
131.
ZairaM. M.HadikusumoB. H. (2017). Structural equation model of integrated safety intervention practices affecting the safety behaviour of workers in the construction industry. Safety Science, 98, 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.06.007
132.
ZangY.MeiQ.LiuS. (2021). Evacuation simulation of a high-rise teaching building considering the influence of obstacles. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 112(May), Article 102354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2021.102354
133.
ZhangR. P.PirzadehP.LingardH.NevinS. (2018). Safety climate as a relative concept: Exploring variability and change in a dynamic construction project environment. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 25(3), 298–316. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2016-0207
134.
ZhaoD.ThabetW.McCoyA.KleinerB. (2014). Electrical deaths in the US construction: An analysis of fatality investigations. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 21(3), 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2013.824002
135.
ZhouZ.GohY. M.LiQ. (2015). Overview and analysis of safety management studies in the construction industry. Safety Science, 72, 337–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.10.006
