Patient and Service Provider Perspectives of Barriers and Facilitators to HIV Care in North Carolina

Abstract

Barriers to initiating and maintaining HIV care continue to impede efforts to “End the HIV Epidemic” in the United States, particularly among members of Black sexual and gender minoritized (BSGM) groups in the US South. Evidence-informed social network-based interventions may improve engagement in HIV care services among BSGM; however, understanding and addressing context-specific barriers and facilitators to HIV service use are critical for intervention effectiveness. We explored barriers to HIV care engagement to inform the adaptation of a social network strategy to increase participation in HIV prevention and care services in Charlotte, NC. We interviewed BSGM with HIV who were in treatment, local health department officials, clinicians, and community-based organization leaders and held four focus groups (FGs) with HIV public health services staff. Transcripts were iteratively coded and analyzed thematically. We identified two themes across all FGs and in-depth interviews (IDIs). Two additional themes were identified specifically from IDIs with BSGM. Across data sources, participants described multi-level stigma, competing priorities, and logistical hurdles that impede BSGM engagement in HIV care. BSGM with HIV indicated that supportive social networks enhanced HIV treatment adherence and described how their personal agency and self-efficacy evolved after receiving an HIV diagnosis. Interventions to improve HIV care engagement among BSGM with HIV must address inequities, leverage social support networks, and enhance self-efficacy.