A self-report questionnaire designed to identify children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was developed by utilizing DSM-IV criteria and associated symptoms outlined in the research literature. The questionnaire was administered to 867 students who attended elementary, middle schools and high schools across the United States. Their responses were subjected to exploratory factor analysis and a three-factor solution was deemed appropriate for accounting for variation in the data. The factor scales were labeled Cognitive Inefficiency, Hyperactivity/Impulsivity, and Positive Impression. The respective scales contain items that are highly similar and produce stable results over time. Future research directions are outlined which bear on the validity of the questionnaire.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Barkley, R.A. (1990). Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A handbookfor diagnosis and treatment. New York: The Guilford Press.
A comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 775-789.
4.
Barkley, R.A., Grodzinsky, G., & DuPaul, G.J. ( 1992). Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and research report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 163-188.
5.
Beitchman, J.H. (1996). Feelings, attitudes, and behaviors scales for children (FAB-C): Manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
6.
Breen, M.J., & Barkley, R.A. (1984). Psychological adjustment of learning disabled, hyperactive, and hyperactive/learning disabled children as measured by the Personality Inventory for Children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 13, 232-236.
7.
Brown, T.E. (1996). Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder scales manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
Cunningham, C.E., & Barkley, R.A. (1979). The interactions of hyperactive and normal children with their mothers during free play and structured task . Child Development, 50, 217-224.
10.
Douglas, V.I. (1983). Attentional and cognitive problems. In M. Rutter (Ed.), Developmental neuropsychiatry. New York: The Guilford Press.
11.
DuPaul, G.J. (1990). The ADHD Rating Scale. Normative data, reliability, and validity. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester.
12.
DuPaul, G.J., & Stoner, G. (1994). ADHD in the schools: Assessment and intervention strategies. New York: The Guilford Press.
13.
Greenberg, L.M., & Kindschi, C.L. (1996). Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) clinical guide. Los Alamitos, CA: Universal Attention Disorders.
14.
Guevremont, D.C. (1990). Social skills and peer relationship training. In R.A. Barkley (Ed.), Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (pp. 540-572). New York: The Guilford Press.
Lahey, B.B., Pelham, W.E. , Schaughency, E.A., Atkins, M.S., Murphy, H.A. , Hynd, G.W., Russo, M., Hartdagen, S., & Lorys-Vernon, A. (1988). Dimensions and types of attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 330-335.
17.
Landau, S., Milich, R. & Widiger, T.A. (1991). Conditional probabilities of child interview symptoms in the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 501-513.
18.
McKinney, J.D., Montague, M., & Hocutt, A.M. ( 1993). Synthesis of research on the assessment and identification of students with attention deficit disorder. Final Report to the office of Special Education Programs, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services, U.S. Department of Education, Washington, DC 20202.
19.
Pelham, W.E., & Bender, M.E. (1982). Peer relationships in hyperactive children. Description and treatment. In K.D. Gadow & I. Bialer (Eds.), Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities (Vol. 1, pp. 365-436). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
20.
Pennington, B.F. (1991). Diagnosing learning disorders. A neurological framework. New York : The Guilford Press.
21.
Reynolds, C.R., & Kamphaus, R.W. (1992). Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services.
22.
Sergeant, J.A., & Scholten, C.A. (1983). A stages-of-information processing approach to hyperactivity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 40-60
23.
Szatmari, P., Offord, D.R. , & Boyle, M.H. ( 1989). Correlates, associated impairments, and patterns of service utilization of children with attention deficit disorders: Findings from the Ontario child health study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 205-217.
24.
Weiss, G., & Hechtman, L.T. (1993). Hyperactive children grown up: ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
