The aim is to assess the sensory processing difficulties in children and adolescents with ADHD.
Methods:
In all, 38 ADHD children of the age group 6–14 years and 34 age- and gender-matched typically developing controls were included in the study. Sensory processing was assessed on Child Sensory Profile-2. The child behavior checklist and Weiss functional impairment rating scale were applied to assess behavioral problems and functional impairments, respectively.
Results:
A significantly higher sensory processing difficulties were seen in children with ADHD than typically developing controls. There were positive correlations between the scores of Child sensory profile 2 with internalizing (with Sensitivity p = .036, Avoiding p = .001, and Auditory p = .029) and externalizing T scores (with Seeking p = .031, Movement p = .025, and Visual p = .018) of CBCL and also with scores of Weiss functional impairment rating scale (with Seeking p = .001, Sensitivity p = .019, and Registration p = .045).
Conclusions:
Sensory problems were common in children with ADHD and add to the functional impairments.
AchenbachT. M.RescorlaL. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment. ASEBA.
2.
AdamsJ. N.FeldmanH. M.HuffmanL. C.LoeI. M. (2015). Sensory processing in preterm preschoolers and its association with executive function. Early Human Development, 91(3), 227–233.
3.
AhnR. R.MillerL. J.MilbergerS.McIntoshD. N. (2004). Prevalence of parents’ perceptions of sensory processing disorders among kindergarten children. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58(3), 287–293. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.58.3.287
4.
AssociationA. P. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
5.
Ben-SassonA.CarterA. S.Briggs-GowanM. J. (2009). Sensory over-responsivity in elementary school: Prevalence and social-emotional correlates. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(5), 705–716.
6.
BundyA. C.LaneS. (2020). Sensory integration: Theory and practice (3rd ed.). F.A. Davis.
DavisA. S.PassL. A.FinchW. H.DeanR. S.WoodcockR. W. (2009). The canonical relationship between sensory-motor functioning and cognitive processing in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24(3), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acp032
9.
Delgado-LobeteL.Pértega-DíazS.Santos-Del-RiegoS.Montes-MontesR. (2020). Sensory processing patterns in developmental coordination disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and typical development. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 100, 103608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103608
10.
DellapiazzaF.MichelonC.VernhetC.MuratoriF.BlancN.PicotM.-C.BaghdadliA. (2021). Sensory processing related to attention in children with ASD, ADHD, or typical development: Results from the ELENA cohort. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(2), 283–291.
11.
DunnW. (1997). The impact of sensory processing abilities on the daily lives of young children and their families: A conceptual model. Infants & Young Children, 9(4), 23–35.
DunnW.BennettD. (2002). Patterns of sensory processing in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Occupation, Participation and Health, 22(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/153944920202200102
15.
DunnW.WestmanK. (1997). The sensory profile: The performance of a national sample of children without disabilities. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.51.1.25
16.
GhanizadehA. (2008). Tactile sensory dysfunction in children with ADHD. Behavioural Neurology, 20(3), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.3233/BEN-2008-0221
17.
GhanizadehA. (2009). Screening signs of auditory processing problem: Does it distinguish attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes in a clinical sample of children?International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 73(1), 81–87.
18.
HofmannS. G.BitranS. (2007). Sensory-processing sensitivity in social anxiety disorder: Relationship to harm avoidance and diagnostic subtypes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(7), 944–954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.12.003
19.
JeromeE.LissM. (2005). Relationships between sensory processing style, adult attachment, and coping. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1341–1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.016
20.
Johnson-EckerC. L.ParhamL. D. (2000). The evaluation of sensory processing: A validity study using contrasting groups. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 54(5), 494–503. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.54.5.494
21.
KaufmanJ.BirmaherB.AxelsonD. (2016). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children: Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) DSM-5 November 2016 working draft. New Haven, Yale University, Child and Adolescent Research and Education
22.
KeatingJ.GaffneyR.BramhamJ.DownesM. (2022). Sensory modulation difficulties and assessment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19(1),110–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2021.1889502
23.
LittleL. M.DeanE.TomchekS. D.DunnW. (2017). Classifying sensory profiles of children in the general population. Child: Care, Health and Development, 43(1), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12391
24.
MangeotS. D.MillerL. J.McIntoshD. N.McGrath-ClarkeJ.SimonJ.HagermanR. J.GoldsonE. (2001). Sensory modulation dysfunction in children with attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43(6), 399–406.
25.
McIntoshD. N.MillerL. J.ShyuV.HagermanR. J. (1999). Sensory-modulation disruption, electrodermal responses, and functional behaviors. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 41(9), 608–615. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0012162299001267
26.
MillerL. J.NielsenD. M.SchoenS. A. (2012). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sensory modulation disorder: A comparison of behavior and physiology. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(3), 804–818.
27.
Mimouni-BlochA.OffekH.RosenblumS.PosenerI.SilmanZ.Engel-YegerB. (2018). Association between sensory modulation and daily activity function of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and children with typical development. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 83, 69–76.
28.
PfeifferB.DalyB. P.NichollsE. G.GulloD. F. (2015). Assessing sensory processing problems in children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pe diatrics, 35(1), 1–12.
29.
ReynoldsS.LaneS. J. (2008). Diagnostic validity of sensory over-responsivity: A review of the literature and case reports. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(3), 516–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0418-9
30.
Sanz-CerveraP.Pastor-CerezuelaG.González-SalaF.Tárraga-MínguezR.Fernández-AndrésM.-I. (2017). Sensory processing in children with autism spectrum disorder and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the home and classroom contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1772. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01772
31.
WeissM. D.McBrideN. M.CraigS.JensenP. (2018). Conceptual review of measuring functional impairment: Findings from the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 21(4), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2018-300025
