Childhood Social Functioning and Young Adult Intimate Partner Violence in Girls With and Without ADHD: Response Inhibition as a Moderator

Abstract

Objective: Examine the moderating effects of response inhibition on the longitudinal association between social preference/relational aggression measured in childhood, and intimate partner violence (IPV) measured in young adulthood, among women with (n = 140) and without (n = 88) histories of childhood ADHD. Method: During childhood, social preference was measured through confidential peer sociometric nominations, yielding negative and positive peer regard; relational aggression was assessed via staff behavioral observations; and response inhibition was assessed using commission errors from the continuous performance task. During young adulthood, IPV was ascertained via a clinician-administered, semistructured interview. Results: Social preference and relational aggression independently predicted IPV; this prospective link was moderated by response inhibition. Conclusion: In combination with low social preference or high relational aggression in childhood, poor response inhibition predicted the highest levels of young-adult IPV. Given the developmental significance of peer relationships, additional research on the causes of and treatments for poor social functioning in ADHD is warranted.

Keywords

ADHD intimate partner violence peer relationships response inhibition longitudinal study

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ahmad

S. I.

Hinshaw

S. P.

(2017). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, trait impulsivity, and externalizing behavior in a longitudinal sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 1077-1089. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0226-9

Aldarondo

Sugarman

D. B.

(1996). Risk maker analysis of the cessation and persistence of wife assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1010-1019.

American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Andreou

(2006). Social preference, perceived popularity and social intelligence: Relations to overt and relational aggression. School Psychology International, 27, 339-351.

Aupperle

R. L.

Stillman

A. N.

Simmons

A. N.

Flagan

Allard

C. B.

Thorp

S. R.

. . . Stein

M. B.

(2016). Intimate partner violence PTSD and neural correlates of inhibition. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 33-40.

Baird

A. A.

Silver

S. H.

Veague

H. B.

(2010). Cognitive control reduces sensitivity to relational aggression among adolescent girls. Society for Neuroscience, 5, 519-532.

Barkley

R. A.

(1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94.

Barkley

R. A.

(1999). Response inhibition in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5, 177-184.

10.

Barkley

R. A.

(2014). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Fourth edition: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

11.

Barkley

R. A.

Fischer

Edelbrock

C. S.

Smallish

(1990). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria I: An 8-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 546-557.

12.

Becker

S. P.

McBurnett

Hinshaw

S. P.

Pfiffner

L. J.

(2013). Negative social preference in relation to internalizing symptoms among children with ADHD predominantly inattentive type: Girls fare worse than boys. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42, 784-795.

13.

Biederman

Petty

C. R.

Clarke

Lomedico

Faraone

S. V.

(2011). Predictors of persistent ADHD: An 11-year follow-up study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 150-155.

14.

Blachman

D. R.

Hinshaw

S. P.

(2002). Patterns of friendship among girls with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 625-640.

15.

Bonomi

A. E.

Thompson

R. S.

Anderson

Reid

R. J.

Carrell

Dimer

J. A.

Rivara

F. P.

(2006). Intimate partner violence and women’s physical, mental, and social functioning. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30, 458-466.

16.

Boonstra

A. M.

Oosterlaan

Sergeant

J. A.

Buitelaar

J. K.

(2005). Executive functioning in adult ADHD: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1097-1108.

17.

Brugha

T. S.

Sturt

MacCarthy

Potter

Wykes

Bebbington

P. E.

(1987). The interview measure of social relationships: The description and evaluation of a survey instrument for assessing personal social resources. Social Psychiatry, 22, 123-128.

18.

Campbell

Jones

Dienemann

Kub

Schollenberger

O’Campo

. . . Wynne

(2002). Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162, 1157-1163.

19.

Campbell

J. C.

(2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. The Lancet, 359, 1331-1336.

20.

Capaldi

D. M.

Knoble

N. B.

Shortt

J. W.

Kim

H. K.

(2012). A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3, 231-280.

21.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2003). Costs of intimate partner violence against women in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ipvbook-a.pdf

22.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). National intimate partner and sexual violence survey: 2010 summary report. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf

23.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Intimate partner violence. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/definitions.html

24.

Coie

J. D.

Dodge

K. A.

(1983). Continuities and changes in children’s social status: A five-year longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 261-282.

25.

Coie

J. D.

Dodge

K. A.

(1988). Multiple sources of data on social behavior and social status in the school: A cross-age comparison. Child Development, 59, 815-829.

26.

Conners

C. K.

(1995). Conners’ Continuous Performance Test computer program: User’s manual. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.

27.

Corlazzoli

White

(2013). Measuring the un-measurable: Solutions to measurement challenges in fragile and conflict-affected environments. London, England: Department for International Development.

28.

Crick

N. R.

(1996). The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children’s future social adjustment. Child Development, 67, 2317-2327.

29.

Crick

N. R.

Grotpeter

J. K.

(1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710-712.

30.

Crick

N. R.

Ostrov

J. M.

Werner

N. E.

(2006). A longitudinal study of relational aggression, physical aggression, and children’s social-psychological adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 131-142.

31.

Crosbie

Arnold

Paterson

Swanson

Dupuis

. . . Schachar

R. J.

(2013). Response inhibition and ADHD traits: Correlates and heritability in a community sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 497-507.

32.

Desman

Petermann

Hampel

(2008). Deficit in response inhibition in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Impact of motivation? Child Neuropsychology, 14, 483-503.

33.

Dunlop

Savulescu

(2015). Distributive justice and cognitive enhancement in lower, normal intelligence. Monash Bioethics Review, 32, 189-204.

34.

Ehrensaft

M. K.

Cohen

Brown

Smailes

Chen

Johnson

J. G.

(2003). Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: A 20-year prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 741-753.

35.

Erhardt

Hinshaw

S. P.

(1994). Initial sociometric impressions of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comparison boys: Predictions from social behaviors and from nonbehavioral variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 833-842.

36.

Fang

Massetti

G. M.

Ouyang

Grosse

S. D.

Mercy

J. A.

(2010). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and young adult intimate partner violence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1179-1186.

37.

Fletcher

(2010). The effects of intimate partner violence on health in young adulthood in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 130-135.

38.

Frazier-Wood

A. C.

Bralten

Arias-Vasquez

Luman

Ooterlaan

Sergeant

. . . Rommelse

N. N.

(2012). Neuropsychological intra-individual variability explains unique genetic variance of ADHD and shows suggestive linkage to chromosomes 12, 13, and 17. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B, 159, 131-140.

39.

Gail

Simon

(1985). Testing for qualitative interactions between treatment effects and patient subsets. Biometrics, 41, 361-372.

40.

Glass

Flory

Hankin

B. L.

(2012). Symptoms of ADHD and close friendships in adolescence. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16, 406-417.

41.

Goldman

L. S.

Genel

Bezman

R. J.

Slanetz

P. J.

(1998). Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 1100-1107.

42.

Guendelman

M. D.

Ahmad

Meza

J. I.

Owens

E. B.

Hinshaw

S. P.

(2016). Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predicts intimate partner victimization in young women. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 155-166.

43.

Halpern

C. T.

Spriggs

A. L.

Martin

S. L.

Kupper

(2009). Patterns of intimate partner violence victimization from adolescence to young adulthood in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 508-516.

44.

Hien

Ruglass

(2009). Interpersonal partner violence and women in the United States: An overview of prevalence rates, psychiatric correlates and consequences and barriers to help seeking. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32, 48-55.

45.

Hinshaw

S. P.

(2002). Preadolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Background characteristics, comorbidity, cognitive and social functioning, and parenting practices. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1086-1098.

46.

Hinshaw

S. P.

Melnick

(1995). Peer relationships in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 627-647.

47.

Hinshaw

S. P.

Owens

E. B.

Zalecki

Huggins

S. P.

Montenegro-Nevado

A. J.

Schrodek

Swanson

E. N.

(2012). Prospective follow-up of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into early adulthood: Continuing impairment includes elevated risk for suicide attempts and self-injury. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 1041-1051.

48.

Hodges

E. V.

Boivin

Vitaro

Bukowski

W. M.

(1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94-101.

49.

Hodges

E. V.

Perry

D. G.

(1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 677-685.

50.

Hoza

Mrug

Gerdes

A. C.

Hinshaw

S. P.

Bukowski

W. M.

Gold

J. A.

. . . Arnold

L. E.

(2005). What aspects of peer relationships are impaired in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 411-423.

51.

IBM Corp. (2014). IBM SPSS statistics for mac OS, Microsoft windows (Version 22.0). Armonk, NY: Author.

52.

Janis

I. B.

Nock

M. K.

(2009). Are self-injurers impulsive? Results from two behavioral laboratory studies. Psychiatry Research, 169, 261-267.

53.

Kraemer

H. C.

Stice

Kazdin

Offord

Kupfer

(2001). How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 848-856.

54.

Krug

E. G.

Dahlberg

L. L.

Mercy

J. A.

Zwi

A. B.

(2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

55.

LaFontana

K. M.

Cillessen

A. H. N.

(1999). Children’s interpersonal perceptions as a function of sociometric and peer-perceived popularity. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160, 225-242.

56.

LaFontana

K. M.

Cillessen

A. H. N.

(2002). Children’s perceptions of popular and unpopular peers: A multimethod assessment. Developmental Psychology, 38, 635-647.

57.

Lease

A. M.

Kennedy

C. A.

Axelrod

J. L.

(2002). Children’s social constructions of popularity. Social Development, 11, 87-109.

58.

Max

Rice

D. P.

Finkelstein

Bardwell

R. A.

Leadbetter

(2004). The economic toll of intimate partner violence against women in the United States. Violence & Victims, 19, 259-272.

59.

McCauley

Kern

D. E.

Kolodner

Schroeder

A. F.

DeChant

H. K.

Ryden

. . . Derogatis

L. R.

(1995). The “battering syndrome”: Prevalence and clinical characteristics of domestic violence in primary care internal medicine practices. Annals of Internal Medicine, 123, 737-746.

60.

McGee

R. A.

Clarck

S. E.

Symons

D. K.

(2000). Does the conners’ continuous performance test aid in ADHD diagnosis? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 415-424.

61.

Meza

J. I.

Owens

E. B.

Hinshaw

S. P.

(2016). Response inhibition, peer preference and victimization, and self-harm: Longitudinal associations in young adult women with and without ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 323-334.

62.

Miller

Hinshaw

S. P.

(2010). Does childhood executive function predict adolescent functional outcomes in girls with ADHD? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 315-326.

63.

Miller

Hinshaw

S. P.

(2012). Executive functions in girls with ADHD followed prospectively into young adulthood. Neuropsychology, 26, 278-287.

64.

Miller

Loya

Hinshaw

S. P.

(2013). Executive functions in girls with and without childhood ADHD: Developmental trajectories and associations with symptom change. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 1005-1015.

65.

Modin

Ostberg

Almquist

(2011). Childhood peer status and adult susceptibility to anxiety and depression: A 30-year hospital follow-up. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 187-199.

66.

Moffitt

T. E.

Caspi

(1999). Findings about partner violence from the Dunedin multidisciplinary health and development study. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.

67.

Mrug

Molina

B. S. G.

Hoza

Gerdes

A. C.

Hinshaw

S. P.

Hechtman

Arnold

(2012). Peer rejection and friendships in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Contributions to long-term outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 40, 1013-1026.

68.

Nigg

J. T.

Wong

M. M.

Martel

M. M.

Jester

J. M.

Puttler

L. I.

Glass

J. M.

. . . Zucker

R. A.

(2006). Poor response inhibition as a predictor of problem drinking and illicit drug use in adolescents at risk for alcoholism and other substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 468-475.

69.

Owens

E. B.

Zalecki

Gillette

Hinshaw

S. P.

(2017). Girls with childhood ADHD as adults: Cross-domain outcomes by diagnostic persistence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85, 723-736.

70.

Parkhurst

J. T.

Hopmeyer

(1998). Sociometric popularity and peer-perceived popularity: Two distinct dimensions of peer status. Journal of Early Adolescence, 18, 125-144.

71.

Perren

Alsaker

F. D.

(2006). Social behavior and peer relationships of victims, bully-victims, and bullies in kindergarten. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 45-57.

72.

Peto

(1982). Statistical aspects of cancer trials. In Halnan

K. E.

(Ed.), Treatment of cancer (pp. 867-871). London, England: Chapman & Hall.

73.

Rodkin

P. C.

Farmer

T. W.

Pearl

Van Acker

(2000). Heterogeneity of popular boys: Antisocial and prosocial configurations. Developmental Psychology, 36, 14-24.

74.

Ros

Graziano

P. A.

(2017). Social functioning in children with or at risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47, 213-235. doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1266644

75.

Sadoch

B. J.

Sadoch

V. A.

Ruiz

(2009). Kaplan and Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

76.

Schoechlin

Engel

R. R.

(2005). Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis of empirical data. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 727-744.

77.

Shaffer

Fisher

Lucas

C. P.

Dulcan

M. K.

Schwab-Stone

M. E.

(2000). NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28-38.

78.

Siegler

(2006). How children develop: Exploring child develop student media tool kit & scientific American reader to accompany how children develop. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.

79.

Stein

M. B.

Kennedy

C. M.

Twamley

E. W.

(2002). Neuropsychological function in female victims of intimate partner violence with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. A Journal of Psychiatric Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 52, 1079-1088.

80.

Stith

S. M.

Smith

D. B.

Penn

Ward

Tritt

(2004). Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 65-98.

81.

Straus

M. A.

(2004). Prevalence of violence against dating partners by male and female university students worldwide. Violence Against Women, 10, 790-811.

82.

Thoennes

Tjaden

P. G.

(1990). The extent, nature, and validity of sexual abuse allegations in custody/visitation disputes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 151-163.

83.

Thomas

Sanders

Doust

Beller

Glasziou

(2015). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatrics, 135, e994-e1001.

84.

Thompson

R. S.

Bonomi

A. E.

Anderson

Reid

R. J.

Dimer

J. A.

Carrell

Rivara

F. P.

(2006). Intimate partner violence: Prevalence, types, and chronicity in adult women. Amercian Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30, 447-457.

85.

Trevillion

Oram

Feder

Howard

L. M.

(2012). Experiences of domestic violence and mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 7(12), Article e51740.

86.

Wechsler

(1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Psychological Corporation.

87.

Willcutt

E. G.

Doyle

A. E.

Nigg

J. T.

Faraone

S. V.

Pennington

B. F.

(2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336-1346.

88.

Wolf

M. E.

Hobart

M. A.

Kernic

M. A.

(2003). Barriers to seeking police help for intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 18, 121-129.

89.

Woods

(2000). Prevalence and patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and postabused women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 21, 309-324.

90.

World Health Organization. (2012). Understanding and addressing violence against women. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77432/1/WHO_RHR_12.36_eng.pdf

91.

Wymbs

Molina

Pelham

Cheong

Gnagy

Belendiuk

. . . Waschbusch

(2012). Risk of intimate partner violence among young adult males with childhood ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16, 373-383.

92.

Xie

Cairns

R. B.

Cairns

B. D.

(2002). The development of social aggression and physical aggression: A narrative analysis of interpersonal conflicts. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 341-355.

93.

Zalecki

C. A.

Hinshaw

S. P.

(2004). Overt and relational aggression in girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33, 125-137.