Objective: The Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale–Self-Report Form (WFIRS-S) was developed as a measure of functional impairment in adolescents and adults with ADHD. This study reports the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the WFIRS-S in a sample of normal Iranian adolescents. Method: Internal consistency and factor structure of the WFIRS-S were tested on a sample of 386 students (Grades 7-12). The test-retest reliability and the convergent validity of the WFIRS-S were evaluated by using two different subsamples including 50 and 100 students, respectively. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha values were between .72 and .94 for the WFIRS-S subdomains and total scale. The test-retest reliability was .80 for the total scale. The WFIRS-S subdomains had moderate to high significant correlations with the Pediatric Quality of Life total scale. Conclusion: The Persian version of the WFIRS-S has acceptable psychometric properties and could be used as a functional impairment assessment for adolescents.
AlgortaG. P.DoddA. L.StringarisA.YoungstromE. A. (2016). Diagnostic efficiency of the SDQ for parents to identify ADHD in the UK: A ROC analysis. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 949-957.
2.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 894-921. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724
3.
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2011). ADHD: Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 128, 1007-1022. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2654
4.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5.
AmiriP. M.ArdekaniE.Jalali-FarahaniS.HosseinpanahF.VarniJ. W.GhofranipourF.. . . AziziF. (2010). Reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales in adolescents. Quality of Life Research, 19, 1501-1508. doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9712-7
6.
BanaschewskiT.JohnsonM.LecendreuxM.ZuddasA.AdeyiB.HodgkinsP.. . . CoghillD. R. (2014). Health-related quality of life and functional outcomes from a randomized-withdrawal study of long-term lisdexamfetamine dimesylate treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs, 28, 1191-1203. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0193-z
7.
BarkleyR. A.FischerM.EdelbrockC. S.SmallishL. (1990). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 546-557. doi:10.1097/00004583-199007000-00007
8.
BarkleyR. A.FischerM.SmallishL.FletcherK. (2002). The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 279-289. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.279
9.
BrownM. W.CudeckR. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In BollenK. A.LongJ. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
10.
BussingR.FernandezM.HarwoodM.Wei HouH.GarvanC. W.EybergS. M.. . . SwansonJ. M. (2008). Parent and teacher SNAP-IV ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Psychometric properties and normative ratings from a school district sample. Assessment, 15, 317-328. doi:10.1177/1073191107313888
11.
Canadian Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Resource Alliance. (2011). Canadian ADHD practice guidelines (3rd ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Author.
12.
CanuW. H.HartungC. M.StevensA. E.LeflerE. K. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale: Evidence for utility in research, assessment, and treatment of ADHD in emerging adults. Journal of Attention Disorders. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1087054716661421
13.
CohenJ. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
14.
DasD.CherbuinN.ButterworthP.AnsteyK. J.EastealS. (2012). A population-based study of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and associated impairment in middle-aged adults. PLoS One, 7(2), e31500. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031500
15.
DolgunG.SavaşerS.YazganY. (2013). Determining the correlation between quality of life and self-concept in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21, 601-608. doi:10.1111/jpm.12114
16.
DoseC.HautmannC.DoepfnerM. (2016). Functional impairment in children with externalizing behavior disorders: Psychometric properties of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale–parent report in a German clinical sample. Journal of Attention Disorders. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1087054716661234
17.
GajriaK.KosinskiM.SikiricaV.HussM.LivoteE.ReillyK.. . . ErderM. H. (2015). Psychometric validation of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Report Form in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13, Article 184. doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0379-1
18.
GeorgeD.MalleryP. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
19.
GjervanB.TorgersenT.NordahlH. M.RasmussenK. (2011). Functional impairment and occupational outcome in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16, 544-552. doi:10.1177/1087054711413074
20.
GlennS.CunninghamC. (2001). Evaluation of self by young people with down syndrome. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 48, 163-177. doi:10.1080/10349120120053649
21.
GoldsteinS. L.GrahamN.WaradyB. A.SeikalyM.McDonaldR.BurwinkleT. M.. . . VarniJ. W. (2008). Measuring health-related quality of life in children with ESRD: Performance of the generic and ESRD-specific instrument of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 51, 285-297. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.09.021
22.
HaackL. M.GerdesA. C. (2011). Functional impairment in Latino children with ADHD: Implications for culturally appropriate conceptualization and measurement. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 318-328. doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0098-z
23.
HantsonJ.WangP. P.Grizenko-VidaM.Ter-StepanianM.HarveyW.JooberR.GrizenkoN. (2012). Effectiveness of a therapeutic summer camp for children with ADHD: Phase I clinical intervention trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16, 610-617. doi:10.1177/1087054711416800
24.
HechtmanL.SwansonJ. M.SibleyM. H.StehliA.OwensE. B.MitchellJ. T., . . . MTA Cooperative Group. (2016). Functional adult outcomes 16 years after childhood diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: MTA results. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55, 945-952.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.774
25.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1-55.
26.
IannacconeS. T.HynanL. S.MortonA.BuchananR.LimbersC. A.VarniJ. W. (2009). The PedsQL™ in pediatric patients with spinal muscular atrophy: Feasibility, reliability, and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Generic Core Scales and neuromuscular module. Neuromuscular Disorders, 19, 805-812.
27.
LensingM. B.ZeinerP.SandvikL.OpjordsmoenS. (2015). Quality of life in adults aged 50+ with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19, 405-413. doi:10.1177/1087054713480035
28.
MannuzzaS.KleinR. G.BesslerA.MalloyP.LaPadulaM. (1993). Adult outcome of hyperactive boys: Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 565-576. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820190067007
29.
MarshH. W.CravenR. G. (2006). Reciprocal effects of self-concept and performance from a multidimensional perspective: Beyond seductive pleasure and unidimensional perspectives. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 133-163. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00010.x
30.
QianY.DuQ.-X.QuS.WangY.-F. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Weiss Functional Impairment Scale-Parent Form for school age children. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 25, 767-771.
31.
RigdonE. E. (1996). CFI versus RMSEA: A comparison of two fit indexes for structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 3, 369-379. doi:10.1080/10705519609540052
32.
SalkindN. J. (2006). Tests & measurement for people who think they hate tests & measurement. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
33.
SteinM. A.SikiricaV.WeissM. D.RobertsonB.LyneA.NewcornJ. H. (2015). Does guanfacine extended release impact functional impairment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Results from a randomized controlled trial. CNS Drugs, 29, 953-962. doi:10.1007/s40263-015-0291-6
34.
TakedaT.TsujiY.KanazawaJ.SakaiT.WeissM. D. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale: Self-Report. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 9, 169-177.
35.
TarakçıoğluM. C.Çakın MemikN.OlgunN. N.AydemirÖ.WeissM. D. (2014). Turkish validity and reliability study of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Report. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 7, 129-139. doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0158-6
36.
VarniJ. W.LimbersC. A.BurwinkleT. M.BryantW. P.WilsonD. P. (2008). The ePedsQLTM in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Feasibility, reliability, and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life InventoryTM Internet administration. Diabetes Care, 31, 672-677. doi:10.2337/dc07-2021
37.
VarniJ. W.SeidM.KurtinP. S. (2001). PedsQL™ 4.0: Reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Version 4.0 Generic Core Scales in healthy and patient populations. Medical Care, 39, 800-812. doi:10.1097/00005650-200108000-00006
38.
WeissG.HechtmanL. T. (1993). Hyperactive children grown up: ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
39.
WeissM. D.BrooksB. L.IversonG. L.LeeB.DicksonR.WasdellM. (2007, September). Reliability and validity of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale. Presented at World Psychiatry Association Conference, Shanghai, China.
40.
WintersN. C.CollettB. R.MyersK. M. (2005). Ten-year review of rating scales, VII: Scales assessing functional impairment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 309-338. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000153230.57344.cd
