The Altered Brain Activation of Phonological Working Memory,Dual Tasking,and Distraction Among Participants With Adult ADHD and the Effect of the MAOA Polymorphism
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online February, 2018
The Altered Brain Activation of Phonological Working Memory,Dual Tasking,and Distraction Among Participants With Adult ADHD and the Effect of the MAOA Polymorphism
Objective: The present study aimed to reveal the brain correlates of phonological working memory (WM), dual tasking, and distraction in adult ADHD combined with the effect of polymorphisms of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA rs1137070 Asp470Asp). Method: A total of 29 participants with adult ADHD and 21 controls were recruited. They completed 0-back and 2-back tasks, as wells as 2-back tasks with a dual-task effect or a distracting effect, during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Results: The brain activation of WM in the bilateral inferior frontal lobe, pars opercularis, was higher among the adult ADHD group. The genotype of MAOA significantly interacted with the ADHD effect in the left inferior frontal lobe, pars opercularis. Adults with ADHD had higher activation in the left lingual area in response to the dual-tasking effect. Conclusion: The MAOA polymorphism moderated the altered activation in pars opercularis for WM among adults with ADHD. The higher lingual gyrus activation might indicate that higher attention resources are demanded to sustain the dual-task function of adults with ADHD.
AaltoS.BruckA.LaineM.NagrenK.RinneJ. O. (2005). Frontal and temporal dopamine release during working memory and attention tasks in healthy humans: A positron emission tomography study using the high-affinity dopamine D2 receptor ligand [11C]FLB 457. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 2471-2477.
2.
AdamsR.FinnP.MoesE.FlanneryK.RizzoA. S. (2009). Distractibility in attention/deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The virtual reality classroom. Child Neuropsychology, 15, 120-135.
3.
AldersonR. M.HudecK. L.PatrosC. H.KasperL. J. (2013). Working memory deficits in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An examination of central executive and storage/rehearsal processes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 532-541.
4.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
5.
BachS.BrandeisD.HofstetterC.MartinE.RichardsonU.BremS. (2010). Early emergence of deviant frontal fMRI activity for phonological processes in poor beginning readers. Neuroimage, 53, 682-693.
6.
BaddeleyA. (2003). Working memory and language: An overview. Journal of Communication Disorder, 36, 189-208.
7.
BedardA. C.NewcornJ. H.ClerkinS. M.KroneB.FanJ.HalperinJ. M.SchulzK. P. (2014). Reduced prefrontal efficiency for visuospatial working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 1020-1030.
BogousslavskyJ.MiklossyJ.DeruazJ. P.AssalG.RegliF. (1987). Lingual and fusiform gyri in visual processing: A clinico-pathologic study of superior altitudinal hemianopia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 50, 607-614.
10.
BraverT. S.CohenJ. D.NystromL. E.JonidesJ.SmithE. E.NollD. C. (1997). A parametric study of prefrontal cortex involvement in human working memory. Neuroimage, 5, 49-62.
11.
BrownA. B.BiedermanJ.ValeraE.MakrisN.DoyleA.Whitfield-GabrieliS.. . . SeidmanL. (2011). Relationship of DAT1 and adult ADHD to task-positive and task-negative working memory networks. Psychiatry Research, 193, 7-16.
12.
BuchsbaumB. R. (2010). Neural basis of working memory. In KoobG. F.MoalM. L.ThompsonR. F. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of behavioral neuroscience (pp. 334-341). Burlington: Academic Press.
13.
BurtonM. W.LocastoP. C.Krebs-NobleD.GullapalliR. P. (2005). A systematic investigation of the functional neuroanatomy of auditory and visual phonological processing. Neuroimage, 26, 647-661.
14.
CastellanosF. X.MarguliesD. S.KellyC.UddinL. Q.GhaffariM.KirschA.. . . MilhamM. P. (2008). Cingulate-precuneus interactions: A new locus of dysfunction in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 332-337.
15.
ClarkC. R.MooresK. A.LewisA.WeberD. L.FitzgibbonS.GreenblattR.. . . TaylorJ. (2001). Cortical network dynamics during verbal working memory function. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42, 161-176.
16.
CoutinhoG.MattosP.Malloy-DinizL. F. (2009). Neuropsychological differences between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and control children and adolescents referred for academic impairment. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 31, 141-144.
17.
DigeN.MaahrE.Backenroth-OhsakoG. (2008). Memory tests in subgroups of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reveals simultaneous capacity deficit. International Journal of Neuroscience, 118, 569-591.
18.
DoyleA. E. (2006). Executive functions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(Suppl. 8), 21-26.
19.
DurstonS. (2010). Imaging genetics in ADHD. Neuroimage, 53, 832-838.
20.
EngeS.FleischhauerM.LeschK. P.ReifA.StrobelA. (2011). Serotonergic modulation in executive functioning: Linking genetic variations to working memory performance. Neuropsychologia, 49, 3776-3785.
21.
FaraoneS. V. (2004). Genetics of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 27, 303-321.
22.
FaraoneS. V.MickE. (2010). Molecular genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33, 159-180.
GallagherR.BladerJ. (2001). The diagnosis and neuropsychological assessment of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Scientific study and practical guidelines. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 931, 148-171.
25.
KaratekinC. (2004). A test of the integrity of the components of Baddeley’s model of working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 912-926.
26.
KaufmanJ.BirmaherB.BrentD.RaoU.FlynnC.MoreciP.. . . RyanN. (1997). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children–Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980-988.
27.
KoC. H.YenJ. Y.YenC. F.ChenC. S.LinW. C.WangP. W.LiuG. C. (2013). Brain activation deficit in increased-load working memory tasks among adults with ADHD using fMRI. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience, 263, 561-573.
28.
LeechR.KamouriehS.BeckmannC. F.SharpD. J. (2011). Fractionating the default mode network: Distinct contributions of the ventral and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex to cognitive control. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 3217-3224.
29.
LeitnerY.BarakR.GiladiN.PeretzC.EshelR.GruendlingerL.HausdorffJ. M. (2007). Gait in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Effects of methylphenidate and dual tasking. Journal of Neurology, 254, 1330-1338.
30.
LiJ.KangC.ZhangH.WangY.ZhouR.WangB.. . .FaraoneS. V. (2007). Monoamine oxidase A gene polymorphism predicts adolescent outcome of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 144B, 430-433.
31.
LiuL.GuanL. L.ChenY.JiN.LiH. M.LiZ. H.. . .WangY. F. (2011). Association analyses of MAOA in Chinese Han subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Family-based association test, case-control study, and quantitative traits of impulsivity. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 156B, 737-748.
32.
MartinussenR.HaydenJ.Hogg-JohnsonS.TannockR. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 377-384.
33.
MechelliA.HumphreysG. W.MayallK.OlsonA.PriceC. J. (2000). Differential effects of word length and visual contrast in the fusiform and lingual gyri during reading. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 267, 1909-1913.
34.
ParsonsT. D.BowerlyT.BuckwalterJ. G.RizzoA. A. (2007). A controlled clinical comparison of attention performance in children with ADHD in a virtual reality classroom compared to standard neuropsychological methods. Child Neuropsychology, 13, 363-381.
35.
PuigM. V.AntzoulatosE. G.MillerE. K. (2014). Prefrontal dopamine in associative learning and memory. Neuroscience, 282, 217-229.
36.
RepovsG.BaddeleyA. (2006). The multi-component model of working memory: Explorations in experimental cognitive psychology. Neuroscience, 139, 5-21.
37.
SantangeloV.MacalusoE. (2013). The contribution of working memory to divided attention. Human Brain Mapping, 34, 158-175.
38.
SchulzK. P.TangC. Y.FanJ.MarksD. J.NewcornJ. H.CheungA. M.HalperinJ. M. (2005). Differential prefrontal cortex activation during inhibitory control in adolescents with and without childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 19, 390-402.
39.
SchulzeK.KoelschS. (2012). Working memory for speech and music. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1252, 229-236.
40.
SimonV.CzoborP.BalintS.MeszarosA.BitterI. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 204-211.
41.
TuH. P.KoA. M.WangS. J.LeeC. H.LeaR. A.ChiangS. L.. . . KoY. C. (2010). Monoamine oxidase A gene polymorphisms and enzyme activity associated with risk of gout in Taiwan aborigines. Human Genetics, 127, 223-229.
42.
Tzourio-MazoyerN.LandeauB.PapathanassiouD.CrivelloF.EtardO.DelcroixN.. . . JoliotM. (2002). Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage, 15, 273-289.
43.
ValeraE. M.FaraoneS. V.BiedermanJ.PoldrackR. A.SeidmanL. J. (2005). Functional neuroanatomy of working memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 439-447.
44.
XueG.DongQ.JinZ.ChenC. (2004). Mapping of verbal working memory in nonfluent Chinese-English bilinguals with functional MRI. Neuroimage, 22, 1-10.
