A study of the Sioux City, Iowa, response to the crash of Flight 232 was under taken from July 30 to November 28, 1989. The goal of this research project was to identify those characteristics of the planning effort which contributed to Sioux City's successful response to a major airline disaster, and to draw fu ture policy implications. Among the findings, it was discovered that multi- agency planning was utilized; that the emergency committee served not only a planning function, but also allowed agency heads and planning personnel to become personally acquainted, which led to personal bonds conducive to co ordinated efforts; that fortuitous circumstances must be considered and prop erly administered; and that the county-wide planning effort followed the four basic characteristics of good emergency planning.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Ahearn, F.L., Jr., 1981. Disaster mental health: a pre- and post-earthquake comparison of psychiatric admission rates. Urban and Social Change Review , 14(2): 22-28.
2.
Barron, J., 1989. Severity of DC-10's problems baffled the experts: United could not tell crew how to control badly crippled jet. New York Times, July 22: 1, 8.
3.
Booth, M. and Briggs, B., 1989. Some ask why they were lucky enough to survive. Denver Post, July 20: 14A.
4.
Boyd, S.T., 1981. Psychological reactions of disaster victims. South African Medical Journal, 60(19): 744-748.
5.
Bromet, E. and Dunn, L., 1981. Mental health of mothers nine months after the Three Mile Island accident. Urban and Social Change Review, 14(2): 12-15.
6.
Brown, F., Corcoran, K. and Grelen J., 1989. Emergency personnel were on practice alert when real call came. Denver Post, July 20: 13A.
7.
Brown, G.E., 1989. Interview, July 31, Sioux City. IA .
8.
Carlton, T.G., 1980. Early psychiatric intervention following a maritime disaster . Military Medicine, September 27: 114-116.
9.
Chamberlin, B.C., 1980. Mayo seminars in psychiatry: the psychiological aftermath of disaster. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41(7): 238-244.
10.
Charles, M.T., 1988. The great flood of 1982. In: M.T. Charles and J.C.K. Kim, eds. Crisis Management: a Casebook. Charles C. Thomas , Springfield, IL: 179-198.
11.
Charles, M.T. and Kim, J.C.K., 1988. Crisis Management: a Casebook. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
12.
Conlon, J. and Ross, R.A., 1989. Interview, August 4, Sioux City, IA .
13.
Curtis, R.S., 1989. Interview, August, 2, Sioux City, IA .
14.
Experts surprised DC-10 made it to airport, 1989. Sioux City Journal, July 24: A22.
15.
Fahey, M., 1986. Aircraft disasters: an overview. Emergency Medical Services, 15(5): 35-38.
16.
Fink, S., 1986. Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable. AMACOM, New York.
17.
Fisher, B.E., 1978. Mass emergency problems and planning in the United Kingdom from the perspective of the police. Mass Emergencies, 3: 41-48.
18.
Fitch, D., 1989. Interview, July 3, Sioux City, IA.
19.
Foster, H.D., 1980. Disaster Planning: the Preservation of Life and Property . Springer, New York.
20.
Fox, G.G., 1981. Disaster planning: a tale of two cities. Public Management, January-February: 7-11.
21.
Fruhling, L., Clifford III, G. and Kasler, D., 1989. An everyday plane trip is seared into history. Des Moines Sunday Register, July 23: 1A, 6A-7A.
22.
Greco, D.J., 1989. Interview, August 4, Sioux City, IA .
23.
Grollmes, E.E., 1984. Cooperative preplanning for air disasters. Firehouse, June: 15-16.
24.
Gunsolley, B., 1989. Jessica's Midland recognizes Sioux City's community spirit. SiouxCity Journal, November 1: A1, A 14.
25.
Hamilton, R., 1989. Interview, July 31, Sioux City, IA .
26.
Hardersen, J., Boyd, J., Derby, C., Small, B. and Burchard. M., 1989. Interview, August 2, Sioux City, IA .
27.
Heffron, E., 1977. Interagency relationships and conflict in disaster: the Wilkes-Barre experience. Mass Emergencies, 2: 111-119.
28.
Henry, M.F., 1988. Alert 3: a 727 in the dirt. Fire Command , December: 26-30.
29.
Kemp, R.L., 1984. The city manager's role in emergency management. Public Management, March: 9-12.
30.
Kerr, J.T. and Weiman, E.C., 1985. Planning for air disasters: building on today's response . Paper presented at the meeting of the Emergency 85 Conference, Washington, DC.
31.
Kowalski, R. and Roberts, J.A., 1989. Fan falling off mystifies experts: never before have DC-10s' engine structure come loose. Denver Post.
32.
Lillie, R.O., 1989. Interview, August 1, Sioux City, IA .
33.
Lindy, J.D. and Lindy, J.G., 1981. Planning and delivery of mental health services in disaster: the Cincinnati experience. Urban and Social Change Review , 14(2): 16-21.
34.
Magnuson, E., 1989. Brace! Brace! Brace!Time, July 31: 12-15.
35.
Martin, R.D., 1980. Disaster planning for psychiatric casualties for general hospitals with psychiatric services. Military Medicine, 145(2): 111-113.
36.
McCormack, E., 1979. Training: pre-planning for plane crashes. Firehouse, September: 10, 78, 70.
37.
Mileti, D.S., Drabek, T.E. and Haas, J.E., 1975. Human Systems in Extreme Environments. Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.
38.
Mitchell, J.T., 1988. The impact of stress on emergency service personnel: policy issues in emergency response. In: L.K. Comfort , ed. Managing Disaster: Strategies and Policy Perspectives . Duke University Press, Durham, NC: 199-214.
39.
Moore, H.E., 1956. Toward a theory of disaster. American Sociological Review, 21 (6): 733-737.
40.
Moran, M., 1989. Interview, August 4, Sioux City, IA .
41.
Parker, L., 1989. Pilots added page to DC-10 manual: for 41 harrowing minutes, cockpit team improvised in flying jet. Washington Post, July 23: A1, A9.
42.
Perrow, C., 1984. Normal accidents. Basic Books, New York.
43.
Perry, R.W., 1979. Incentives for evacuation in natural disaster-research based community emergency planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45: 440-447.
44.
Ponting, J.R., 1974. It can't happen here: a pedagogical look at community co-ordination in response to a toxic gas leak. Emergency Planning Digest, 1: 8-13.
45.
Quarantelli, E.L., 1980. Evacuation Behavior and Problems: Findings and Implications from the Research Literature. Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
46.
Quarantelli, E.L., 1984. Organizational Behavior in Disasters and Implications for Disaster Planning. National Emergency Training Center , Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emmitsburg, MD.
47.
Quinlan, J., 1989a. Pilot confident they'd make it. SiouxCity Journal, July 26: A1, A10.
48.
Quinlan, J., 1989b. NTSB looks for Flight 232 answers. SiouxCity Journal, November 1: A1, A 14.
49.
Quinlan, J., 1989c. Shared serial number puzzles pros. SiouxCity Journal, November 3: A1, A 10.
50.
Resolution commends Siouxland heroism, 1989. Sioux City Journal, August 3: A 12.
51.
Rohlk, L., 1989. Blast "stopped us in our tracks." Des Moines Register, July 21: 11A.
52.
Romano, M. and Knox, D., 1989. The final minutes of Flight 232. Rocky Mountain News, July 23: 2E-11E
53.
Rosenthal, U., 1988. Disaster management in the Netherlands: planning for real events. In: L.K. Comfort, ed. Managing Disaster: Strategies and Policy Perspectives. Duke University Press, Durham, NC: 274-295.
54.
Rosenthal, U. and 'T Hart, P., 1989. Managing terrorism: the South Moluccan hostage takings . In: U. Rosenthal, M.T. Charles and P. 'T Hart, eds. Coping With Crises: the Management of Disasters, Riots and Terrorism . Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL: 367-393.
55.
Rosenthal, U., Charles, M.T. and 'T Hart, P., eds. 1989. Coping With Crises: the Management of Disasters, Riots and Terrorism. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
56.
Sanford, H.M., 1989a. Governor praises Siouxland response. Sioux City Journal, July 21: A5.
57.
Sanford, H.M., 1989b. Flying ambassador praises Flight 232 disaster response . Sioux City Journal, August 8: A3.
58.
Scanlon, J.T. and Sylves, R., 1990. Conflict and coordination in responding to aviation disaster: the San Diego and Gander experiences compared. In: R. Sylves and W. Waugh, eds. Cities and Disaster: North American Studies in Emergency Management. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL: 109-129.
59.
Scanlon, J.T. and Taylor, B., 1977. Two tales of a snowstorm: how the blizzard of January 1977 affected the Niagara region of Ontario. ECRU Field Report 77/3. Emergency Communications Research Unit, School of Journalism, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ont.
60.
Siouxland Regional Marketing Council, 1989. The Greater Sioux Cities (Chamber of Commerce materials).
61.
Smith, R.A., Traum, C.D. and Poole, L.H.1977. The provision of primary care during a period of natural disaster or large scale emergency. Mass Emergencies, 2: 19-23.
62.
Somerville, J., 1989. Providing care in the aftermath of tragedy. American Medical News, August 4: 1,35-38.
63.
Sundberg, C., 1989. Interview, August 1, Sioux City, IA .
64.
Thierney, K.J., 1981. Community and organizational awareness of and preparedness for acute chemical emergencies. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 4: 331-342.
65.
Van Bramer, E.L., 1989a. United Airlines Flight 232 crash, Sioux Gateway Airport, July 19, 1989. Siouxland/Marian Health Center Preparation and Response: a trauma center in action. Letter of July 31 to Dr Mason, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, DC.
66.
Van Bramer, E.L., 1989b. Interview, August 3, Sioux City, IA .
67.
Weiner, E., 1989. Pilot saving stricken jet threw the books away. New York Times, July 22: 8.
68.
Wick, M., 1989. Interview, August 4, Sioux City, IA .
69.
Wolpert, M.L., 1989a. Interview, July 30, Sioux City, IA .
70.
Wolpert, P.W., 1989b. Interview, August 3, Sioux City, IA .
71.
Worst US crashes, 1989. Denver Post, July 22: 10A.
72.
Zahren, B., 1989. Skinner commends Siouxland spirit. SiouxCity Journal, August 3: A1, A 12.
73.
Zerschling, L., 1989. MHC, St Luke's recount fateful day. Sioux City Journal, August 6: A10.
