Shortening Deactivation of Cardiac Muscle: Physiological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Allen DG , Kentish JC . The cellular basis of the length-tension relation in cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1985;17:821–40.

Lakatta EG . Starling's law of the heart is explained by an intimate interaction of muscle length and myofilament calcium activation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10:1157–64.

Kauffman RL , Bayer RM , Harnasch C. Autoregulation of contractility in the myocardial cell. Pflugers Arch 1972;332:96–116.

Edman KAP . Deactivation of the contractile system induced by shortening of striated muscle. In: Grinnell AD , Brazier MAB , eds. The regulation of muscle contraction: excitation-contraction coupling. London: Academic Press; 1981:281–96.

Huxley AF . The mechanical properties of cross bridges and their relation to muscle. In: Varga E , Kover A , Kovacs T , Kovacs L , eds. Molecular and cellular aspects of muscle function. Oxford: Pergammon, 1981:1–12.

Jewell BR , Wilkie DR . The mechanical properties of relaxing muscle. J Physiol 1960;152:30–47.

Hill AV . The effect of tension in prolonging the active state in a twitch. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1964;159:589–95.

Edman KAP . Mechanical deactivation induced by active shortening in isolated muscle fibers of the frog. J Physiol 1975;246:255–75.

Brady AJ . Mechanics of isolated papillary muscle. In: Tanz RD , Kavaler F , Roberts J , eds. Factors influencing myocardial contractility. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1967:53–64.

Brutsaert DL , Claes VA , Donders JJH . Effects of controlling the velocity of shortening on force-velocity-length and time relations in cat papillary muscle. Circ Res 1972;30:310–5.

Lab M , Allen DG , Orchard CH . The effects of shortening on myoplasmic calcium concentration and on the action potential in mammalian ventricular muscle. Circ Res 1984;55:825–9.

Tarr M , Trank JW , Goertz KK . Depression of contractility following stretches and releases applied during contraction to single frog atrial cardiac cells. Circ Res 1984;54:58–64.

Brady AJ . Mechanical properties of isolated cardiac myocytes. Physiol Rev 1991;71:413–28.

Leach JK , Brady AJ , Skipper BJ , Millis DL . Effects of active shortening on tension development of rabbit papillary muscle. Am J Physiol 1980;238:H8–13.

Hill AV . The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1938;126:136–95.

Suga H , Yamakoshi K. Reduction of the duration of isovolumic relaxation in the ejecting left ventricle of the dog: residual volume clamping. J Physiol 1977;267:63–74.

Piene H , Covell JW . A force-length time relationship describes the mechanics of canine left ventricular wall segments during auxotonic contractions. Circ Res 1981;49:70–9.

Okada T. Depressive effects of active shortening on stroke volume of left ventricle and shortening amount of isolated ventricular muscle. Jpn J Physiol 1981;31:199–215.

Nwasokwa ON , Sagawa K , Suga H. Short-term memory in the in situ canine myocardium. Am J Physiol 1984;247:H8–16.

Landesberg A , Sideman S. Mechanical regulation of cardiac muscle by coupling calcium kinetics with crossbridge cycling: a dynamic model. Am J Physiol 1994;267:H779–95.

Sagawa K , Maughan L , Suga H , Sunagawa K. Chamber pressure-volume relation versus muscle tension-length relation. In: Sagawa K , Maughan L , Suga H , Sunagawa K. Cardiac contraction and the pressure-volume relationship. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988:86–94.

Endo M , Iino M. Specific perforation of muscle cell membranes with preserved SR functions. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1980;1:89–100.

Wendt IR , Stephenson DG . Effects of caffeine on Ca-activated force production in skinned cardiac and skeletal muscle fibres of the rat. Pflugers Arch 1983;398:210–6.

Gao WD , Backx PH , Azan Backx M , Marban E. Myofilament Ca²⁺ sensitivity in intact versus skinned rat ventricular muscle. Circ Res 1994;74:408–15.

Allen DG , Kentish JC . Calcium concentration in the myoplasm of skinned ferret ventricular muscle following changes in muscle length. J Physiol 1988;407:489–503.

Hofmann PA , Fuchs F. Evidence for a force-dependent component of calcium binding to cardiac troponin. Am J Physiol 1987;253:C541–6.

Saeki Y , Kurihara S , Hongo K , Tanaka E. Alterations of intracellular calcium and tension of activated ferret papillary muscle in response to step length changes. J Physiol 1993;463:291–306.

Blinks JR , Endoh M. Modification of myofibrillar responsiveness to Ca²⁺ as an inotropic mechanism. Circulation 1986;73:85–98.

Orchard CH , Kentish JC . Effects of changes in pH on the contractile function of cardiac muscle. Am J Physiol 1990;258:C967–81.

Lee JA , Allen DG . Mechanisms of acute ischemic contractile failure of the heart. Role of intracellular calcium. J Clin Invest 1991;88:361–7.

Schouten VJA , Buckx JJJ , de Tombe PP , ter Keurs EDJ . Sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and sarcomeres as limiting factors in force production in rat heart. Circ Res 1990;67:913–22.

Ford LE . Effect of afterload reduction on myocardial energetics. Circ Res 1980;46:161–6.