Content analysis of local television newscasts during Election 2000 showed marked differences between stations participating in two news improvement projects and those stations that did not participate in the “5/30” and “Best Practices” initiatives. Stations participating in those projects offered more news coverage overall and more candidate-centered coverage than did their in-market competitors. Stations enrolling in either of those programs also provided candidates with longer sound bites than did stations not participating in the programs.
Adatto, Kiku. 1990. “Sound Bite Democracy.” Research paper, Kennedy School Press Politics Center, Harvard University, June.
2.
Allen, Craig. 2001. News is People: The Rise of Local TV News and the Fall of News from New York. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
3.
Bennett, W. Lance. 2001. News: The Politics of Illusion. 4th ed.New York: Addison Wesley Longman.
4.
Cappella, Joseph N., and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 1997. Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good. New York: Oxford University Press.
5.
Craig, Stephen C.1993. The Malevolent Leaders. Boulder, CO: Westview.
6.
Craig, Stephen C.1996. “The Angry Voter: Politics and Popular Discontent in the 1990s.” In Broken Contract? Changing Relationships between Americans and Their Government, ed. Stephen C. Craig. Boulder, CO: Westview.
7.
Davie, William R., and Jung-Sook Lee. 1993. “Television News Technology: Do More Sources Mean Less Diversity?”Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media37(4):453-464.
8.
Edelman, Murray. 1985. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
9.
Farnsworth, Stephen J., and S. Robert Lichter. 1999. “No Small Town Poll: Public Attention to Network Coverage of the 1992 New Hampshire Primary.”Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics4(3):51-61.
10.
Farnsworth, Stephen J., and S. Robert Lichter. 2002. The 1996 New Hampshire Republican Primary and Network News. Politics and Policy30(1):70-88.
11.
Farnsworth, Stephen J., and S. Robert Lichter. 2003. The Nightly News Nightmare: Network News Coverage of U.S. Presidential Elections, 1988-2000. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
12.
Gilliam, Frank D., Jr., and Shanto Iyengar. 2000. “Prime Suspects: The Influence of Local Television News on the Viewing Public. American Journal of Political Science44(3):560-573.
13.
Graber, Doris. 2002. Mass media and American politics. 6th ed.Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
14.
Hart, Roderick. 1994. Seducing America: How Television Charms the Modern Voter. New York: Oxford University Press.
15.
Hershey, Marjorie Randon. 2001. “The Campaign and the Media.” In The Election of 2000, ed. Gerald M. Pomper. New York: Chatham House.
16.
Hibbing, John R., and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. 1995. Congress as Public Enemy: Public Attitudes Towards American Political Institutions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
17.
Iverson, Dave, and Tom Rosenstiel. 2003. “Local TV Eye-Opener: Politics Aren’t Poison.”American Journalism Review (March). Retrieved October 17, 2003, from http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=2798/.
18.
Iyengar, Shanto. 1991. Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
19.
Iyengar, Shanto, and Donald R. Kinder. 1987. News That Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
20.
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 2000. Everything You Think You Know about Politics and Why You’re Wrong. New York: Basic Books.
21.
Kaniss, Phyllis. 1991. Making Local News. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22.
Kaplan, Martin, and Matthew Hale. 2001. “Local TV Coverage of the 2000 General Election.” Report of the Normal Lear Center Campaign Media Monitoring Project, University of Southern California, Annenberg School for Communication, February.
23.
Kerbel, Matthew Robert. 1995. Remote and Controlled: Media Politics in a Cynical Age. Boulder, CO: Westview.
24.
Kerbel, Matthew Robert. 1998. Edited for Television: CNN, ABC and American Presidential Elections. 2d ed.Boulder, CO: Westview.
25.
Kerbel, Matthew Robert. 2001. “The Media: Old Frames in a Time of Transition.” In The Elections of 2000, ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
26.
Lawrence, Regina G.2001. “Defining Events: Problem Definition in the Media Arena.” In Politics, Discourse, and American Society: New Agendas, eds. Roderick P. Hart and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
27.
Lichter, S. Robert, and Richard E. Noyes. 1995. Good Intentions Make Bad News: Why Americans Hate Campaign Journalism. 2d ed.Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
28.
Lichter, S. Robert, Mary Carroll Willi, and Stephen J. Farnsworth. 2002. “Evaluation of Alliance for Better Campaigns and Wisconsin Public Television Election 2000 Projects.” Report to Planning and Evaluation Department, Pew Charitable Trusts, July.
29.
Patterson, Thomas E.1980. The Mass Media Election: How Americans Choose Their President. New York: Praeger.
30.
Patterson, Thomas E.1994. Out of Order. New York: Vintage.
31.
Patterson, Thomas E.2000. “Doing Well and Doing Good.” Research paper, Kennedy School Press Politics Center, Harvard University, December.
32.
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 2000a. “Campaign 2000 Highly Rated.” November 16.
33.
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 2000b. “Internet Election News Audience Seeks Convenience, Familiar Names.” December 3.
34.
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 2000c. “Media Seen as Fair, but Tilting to Gore.” October 15.
35.
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 2000d. “Some Final Observations on Voter Opinions.” December 21.
36.
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 2000e. “Voters Unmoved by Media Characterizations of Bush and Gore.” July 27.
37.
Postman, Neil. 1985. Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York: Penguin.
38.
Putnam, Robert D.1995. “Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America.”PS: Political Science & Politics28(4):664-683.
39.
Putnam, Robert D.2000. Bowling Alone. New York: Simon & Schuster.
40.
Waldman, Paul, and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 2003. “Rhetorical Convergence and Issue Knowledge in the 2000 Presidential Election. Presidential Studies Quarterly33(1):145-163.
41.
“What Do the People Want from the Press.”1997. Media Monitor, May/June.
