Research demonstrating the buffering effects of social support on stress suggests the value of grandparents as a source of social support for parents of children with disabilities. However, while they are an important member of parents' social network, grandparents are sometimes a source of stress. This article includes a review of the literature on grandparents as both a source of support, and a source of stress. Suggestions are provided to help professionals mobilize the assistance of grandparents as a source of support.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AntonovskyA. (1993). The implications of saluto-genesis: An outsider's view. In TurnbullA. P., PattersonJ. M., BehrS. K., MurphyD. L., MarquisJ. G., & Blue-BanningM. J. (Eds.), Cognitive coping, families, & disability (pp. 111–122). Baltimore: Brookes.
2.
BernsJ. H. (1980). Grandparents of handicapped children. Social Work, 25, 238–239.
3.
BurgM. M., & SeemanT. E. (1994). Families and health: The negative side of social ties. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 109–115.
4.
BurtonL. (1975). The family life of sick children: A study of families coping with chronic childhood disease. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5.
Chase-LandsdaleP. L., Brooks-GunnJ., & ZamskyE. S. (1994). Young African-American multigenerational families in poverty: Quality of mothering and grandmothering. Child Development, 65, 373–393.
6.
ChasinR., GrunebaumH., & HerzigM. (1990). One couple, four realities. New York:Guilford.
7.
DavisD. (1967). Family processes in mental retardation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 340–350.
8.
DelCampoR.L., ChaseT., & DelCampoD.S. (1984). Growth disorders in children: The impact on the family system. Family Relations, 33, 79–84.
9.
DunstC. J., TrivetteC. M., & DealA. G. (1994). Enabling and empowering families. In DunstC. J., TrivetteC. M., & DealA. G. (Eds.), Supporting and strengthening families (Vol.1, pp. 2–11). Massachusetts: Brookline.
10.
EisenbergA. R. (1988). Grandchildren's perspective on relationships with grandparents: The influence of gender across generations. Sex Roles, 19, 205–217.
11.
FarberB. (1959). Effects of severely mentally retarded children on family integration. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 24 (Serial No.71).
12.
FischerL. R. (1983). Mothers and mothers-in-law. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 187–192.
13.
GabelH., & KotschL. S. (1981). Extended families and young handicapped children. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 1, 29–35.
14.
GathA. (1978). Down's syndrome and the family- The early years. London: Academic Press.
15.
GeorgeJ. D. (1988). Therapeutic intervention for grandparents and extended family of children with developmental delays. Mental Retardation, 26, 369–375.
16.
GerverJ. M. (1983, November-December). A grandparent's view. Children Today, pp. 13–14.
17.
GoettingA. (1990). Patterns of support among in-laws in the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 11, 67–90.
18.
GowenG. W., Johnson-MartinN., GoldmanB. D., & AppelbaumM. (1989). Feelings of depression and parenting competence of mothers of handicapped and nonhandicapped infants: A longitudinal study. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 94, 259–271.
19.
HansenL. B., & JacobE. (1992). Intergenerational support during the transition to parenthood: Issues for new parents and grandparents. Families in Society, 471–479.
20.
HarrisS. L., HandlemanJ. S., & PalmerC. (1985). Parents and grandparents view the autistic child. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 127–137.
21.
HewettS., NewsonE., & NewsonJ. (1970). The family and the handicapped child - A study of cerebral palsied children in their homes. Chicago: Aldine.
22.
HoltK. S. (1958). Home care of severely retarded children. Pediatrics, 22, 744–755.
23.
HurdG. S., PattisonE. M., & LlamasR. (1981). Models of social network intervention. International Journal of Family Therapy, 3, 246–257.
24.
JoeJ. R., & MalachR. S. (1992). Families with Native American roots. In LynchE. W. & HansonM. J. (Eds.), Developing cross-cultural competence: A guide for working with young children and their families (pp. 89–120). Baltimore: Brookes.
25.
KazakA. E., & MarvinR. S. (1984). Differences, difficulties, and adaption: Stress and social networks in families with a handicapped child. Family Relations, 33, 67–77.
26.
KivnickH. Q. (1983). Dimensions of grandparent-hood meaning: Deductive conceptualization and empirical derivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1056–1068.
27.
KornhaberA. (1986). Grandparenting: Normal and pathological - A preliminary communication from the grandparent study. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 19–37.
28.
McAndrewI. (1976). Children with a handicap and their families. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 2, 213–237.
29.
McPheeN. (1982, June). A very special magic: A grandparent's delight. The Exceptional Parent, pp. 13–16.
30.
MeyerD. J. (1993). Lessons learned: Cognitive coping strategies of overlooked family members. In TurnbullA. P., PattersonJ. M., BehrS. K., MurphyD. L., MarquisJ. G., & Blue-BanningM. J. (Eds.), Cognitive coping, families, & disability (pp. 81–94). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.
31.
MeyerD., & VadasyP. (1986). Grandparents workshops: How to organize workshops for grandparents of children with handicaps. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
32.
PieperE. (1976). Grandparents can help. The Exceptional Parent, 6, 7–9.
33.
RaddatzM. (1995, April). How to handle mother-in-law power plays. Parents, 70, 97–101.
34.
RobertoK. A., & StroesJ. (1992). Grandchildren and grandparents: Roles, influences, and relationships. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 34, 227–239.
35.
RomeisJ. C. (1980). The role of grandparents in adjustment to epilepsy. Social Work in Health Care, 6, 37–43.
36.
SandlerA. G., & MistrettaL. (1998). Positive adaptation in parents of adults with disabilities. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 33, 123–130.
37.
SandlerA. G., WarrenS., & RaverS. (1995). Grandparents as a source of support for parents of children with disabilities: A brief report. Mental Retardation, 33, 248–250.
38.
SchellG. C. (1981). The young handicapped child: A family perspective. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 1, 21–27.
39.
SchradleS.B., & DougherM.J. (1985). Social support as a mediator of stress: Theoretical and empirical issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 5, 641–661.
40.
SeligmanM., & DarlingR.B. (1989). Ordinary families, special children: A systems approach to childhood disability. New York: Guilford.
41.
SilversteinJ. L. (1990). The problem with in-laws. Journal of Family Therapy, 14, 399–412.
42.
SimonsR. (1987). After the tears: Parents talk about raising a child with a disability. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
43.
SingerG. H. S., & NixonC. (1996). A report on the concerns of parents of children with acquired brain injury. In SingerG. H. S., GlangA., & WilliamsJ. (Eds.), Children with acquired brain injury: Educating and supporting families (pp. 23–52). Baltimore: Brookes.
44.
SonnekI. M. (1986). Grandparents and the extended family of handicapped children. In FewellR. R. & VadasyP. F. (Eds.), Families of handicapped children (pp. 99–120). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
45.
SotomayorM. (1989). The Hispanic elderly and the intergenerational family. Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 20, 55–65.
46.
SusserP. (1974). Parents are partners. Exceptional Parent, 4, 41–47.
47.
ThomasJ. L. (1990). The grandparent role: A double bind. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 31, 169–177.
48.
TurnbullA. P., & TurnbullH. R. (1997). Families, professionals, and exceptionality: A special partnership (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
49.
VadasyP. F., & FewellR. R. (1986). Mothers of deaf-blind children. In FewellR. R. & VadasyP. F. (Eds.), Families of handicapped children (pp. 121–148). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
50.
VadasyP. F., FewellR. R., & MeyerD. J. (1986). Grandparents of children with special needs: Insights into their experiences and concerns. Journal of the Division for Early Childhood, 10, 36–44.
51.
WaisbrenS. E. (1980). Parents' reactions after the birth of a developmentally disabled child. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 84, 345–351.
52.
WilcoxinS. A. (1987). Grandparents and grandchildren: An often neglected relationship between significant others. Journal of Counseling and Development, 65, 289–290.