The overall purpose of this study was to determine whether visits to the doctor in the last 12 months, education level, and annual household income for adult males increased the awareness of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests. The effect of these factors for the knowledge of PSA exams was performed using statistical analysis. A retrospective secondary database was utilized for this study using the questionnaire in the California Health Interview Survey from 2009. Based on this survey, annual visits to the doctor, higher educational levels attained, and greater take-home pay were statistically significant and the results of the study were equivalent to those hypothesized. This also reflects the consideration of marketing PSA blood test screenings to those adult males who are poor, uneducated, and do not see the doctor on a consistent basis.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AllenJ.D., OthusM.K.D., HartA.J., MohllajeeA.P., LiY., & BowenD. (2011). Do men make informed decisions about prostate cancer screening? Baseline results from the “take the wheel” trial. Medical Decision Making: An International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making, 31(1), 108–120. doi: 10.1177/0272989X10369002.
BowenD.J., HannonP.A., HarrisJ.R., & MartinD.P. (2011). Prostate cancer screening and informed decision-making: Provider and patient perspectives. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, 14(2), 155–161.
Call for greater clarity on the prostate cancer test. (2009). Practice Nurse, 38(10), 7.
8.
CatalonaW.J., D'AmicoA.V., FitzgibbonsW.F., Kosoko-LasakiO., LeslieS.W., LynchH. T., & WalshP. C. (2012). What the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Missed in Its Prostate Cancer Screening Recommendation. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 157(2), 137-W-27.
9.
DriscollD.L., RupertD.J., GolinC.E., McCormackL.A., SheridanS.L., WelchB.M., & PoehlmanJ.A. (2008). Promoting prostate-specific antigen informed decision-making. Evaluating two community-level interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(2), 87–94. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.04.016.
10.
DubeC.E., FullerB.K., RosenR.K., FaganM., & O'DonnellJ. (2005). Men's experiences of physical exams and cancer screening tests: A qualitative study. Preventive Medicine, 40(6), 628–635. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.10.021.
11.
FerranteJ.M., ShawE.K., & ScottJ.G. (2011). Factors influencing men's decisions regarding prostate cancer screening: A qualitative study. Journal of Community Health, 36(5), 839–844. doi: 10.1007/s10900-011-9383-5.
12.
ForbatL., PlaceM., KellyD., HubbardG., BoydK., HowieK., & LeungH. Y. (2013). A cohort study reporting clinical risk factors and individual risk perceptions of prostate cancer: implications for PSA testing. BJU International, 111(3), 389–395. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11316.x.
13.
GanyF. M., HerreraA. P., AvalloneM., & ChangraniJ. (2006). Attitudes, Knowledge, and Health-Seeking Behaviors of Five Immigrant Minority Communities in the Prevention and Screening of Cancer: A Focus Group Approach. Ethnicity & Health, 11(1), 19–39. doi:10.1080/13557850500391394.
14.
GasterB., EdwardsK., TrinidadS., GallagherT. H., & BraddockC. H.III (2010). Patient-Centered Discussions About Prostate Cancer Screening: A Real-World Approach. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 153(10), 661-W.221.
GulatiR., GoreJ. L., & EtzioniR. (2013). Comparative Effectiveness of Alternative Prostate-Specific Antigen-Based Prostate Cancer Screening Strategies. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 158(3), 145–153.
17.
GulatiR., WeverE.M., TsodikovA., PensonD.F., InoueL.Y.T., KatcherJ., LeeS., HeijnsdjkE.A.M., DraismaG., de KoningH.J., & EtzioniR. (2011). What if I don't treat my PSA-detected prostate cancer? Answers from three natural history models. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention: A Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 20(5), 740–750.
18.
HallI.J., TaylorY.J., RossL.E., RichardsonL.C., RichardsT.B., & RimS.H. (2011). Discussions about prostate cancer screening between U.S. primary care physicians and their patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(10), 1098–1104.
19.
HeveyD., PertlM., ThomasK., MaherL., ChuinneagainS., & CraigA. (2009). The relationship between prostate cancer knowledge and beliefs and intentions to attend PSA screening among at-risk men. Patient Education and Counseling, 74(2), 244–249. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.08.013.
20.
JandorfL., ChangM.S., SmithK., FlorioA., & HallS. (2007). Community-based free prostate cancer screening program. Progress in Community Health Partnership: Research, Education, and Action, 1(3), 215–220. doi:10.1353/cpr.2007.0024.
21.
KawachiI., AdlerN. E., & DowW. H. (2010). Money, schooling, and health: Mechanisms and causal evidence. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences, 1186(1), 56–68. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05340.x.
22.
KripalaniS., SharmaJ., JusticeE., JusticeJ., SpikerC., LaufmanL.E., PriceM., WeinbergA.D., & JacobsonT.A. (2007). Low-literacy interventions to promote discussion of prostate cancer: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(2), 83–90. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.03.018.
23.
LoebS., CarterH.B., CatalonaW.J., MoulJ.W., & SchroderF.H (2012). Baseline prostate-specific antigen testing at a young age. European Urology, 61(1), 1–7.
24.
McCormackL., Williams-PiehotaP., & BannC. (2009). Behind closed doors: What happens when patients and providers talk about prostate-specific antigen screening?: Survey of the effects of a community-based intervention. The Patient: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 2(3), 191–201. doi: 10.2165/11312730-000000000-00000.
25.
MoyerV.A. (2012). Screening for Prostate Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 157(2), 120-W-25.
NiangL., KoukaC. N., JallohM., & GueyeS. M. (2011). Screening for Prostate Cancer by Digital Rectal Examination and PSA Determination in Senegal. ISRN Oncology, 1–4. doi:10.5402/2011/943704.
28.
ParkK.K., LeeS.H., ChoiY.D., & ChungB.H. (2012). Optimal baseline prostate-specific antigen level to distinguish risk of prostate cancer in healthy men between 40 and 69 years of age. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 27(1), 40–45.
29.
ParkerP.A., CohenL., BhadkamkarV.A., BabaianR.J., SmithM. A., GritzE.R., & Basen-EngquistK.M. (2006). Demographic and past screening behaviors of men attending a free community screening program for prostate cancer. Health Promotion Practice, 7(2), 213–220. doi: 10.1177/1524839905278881.
30.
PartinM.R., NelsonD., RadosevichD., NugentS., FloodA.B., DillonN., HoltzmanJ., HaasM., & WiltT. (2004). Randomized trial examining the effect of two prostate cancer screening educational interventions on patient knowledge, preferences, and behaviors. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19(8), 835–842. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30047.x.
31.
RaiT., ClementsA., BukachC., ShineB., AustokerJ., & WatsonE. (2007). What influences men's decision to have a prostate-specific antigen test? A qualitative study. Family Practice, 24(4), 365–371. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmm033.
32.
RossL.E., TaylorY.J., & HowardD.L. (2011). Trends in prostate-specific antigen test use, 2000–2005. Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974), 126(2), 228–239.
33.
ShimM., KellyB., & HornikR. (2006). Cancer information scanning and seeking behavior is associated with knowledge, lifestyle choices, and screening. Journal of Health Communication, 11, 157–172.
34.
SinfieldP., BakerR., Camosso-StefinovicJ., ColmanA.M., TarrantC., MellonJ.K., StewardW., KockelberghR., & AgarwalS. (2009). Men's and carers' experiences of care for prostate cancer: A narrative literature review. Health Expectations, 12(3) doi: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2009.00546.x.
35.
WoolfS.H., KristA.H., JohnsonR.E., & StenborgP.S. (2005). Unwanted control: How patients in the primary care setting decide about screening for prostate cancer. Patient Education and Counseling, 56(1), 116–124.doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2003.12.002.
36.
TasianG., CooperbergM., PotterM., CowanJ., GreeneK., CarrollP., & ChanJ. (2012). PSA screening: determinants of primary-care physician practice patterns. Prostate Cancer & Prostatic Diseases, 15(2), 189–194.
37.
YasunagaH., SugiharaT., & ImamuraT. (2011). Difference in willingness-to-pay for prostate cancer screening between ill-informed and well-informed men: A contingent valuation survey. Urology, 77(6), 1325–1329.
38.
ZhuX., AlbertsenP., AndrioleG.L., RoobolM. J., SchroderF.H., & VickersA.J. (2012). Risk-based prostate cancer screening. European Urology, 61(4), 652–661.
