A total of 157 sex offenders were administered the MMPI. They were subdivided into violent and nonviolent, substance abuser versus nonabuser, criminal history versus no criminal history, CT brain abnormalities versus no abnormalities and into more and less defensive groups. From the MMPI, 125 scales measuring sexual behavior, substance abuse, violence, personality, defensiveness, and brain damage were examined for reliability, factor structure and discriminant validity. Results showed that most scales were internally consistent. Discriminant validity was modest in most cases but results suggest that many scales examined would be useful aids in screening and profiling sex offenders.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adams, D.K., & Horn, J.L. (1965). Nonoverlapping keys for the MMPI scales. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29, 284.
2.
Althof, S.E., Lothstein, L.M., Jones, P., & Shen, J. (1983). Am MMPI subscale (Gd) to identify males with gender identity conflicts. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 42-49.
3.
Anderson, W.P., Kunce, J.T., & Rich, B. (1979). Sex offenders: Three personality types. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 671-676.
4.
Anthony, N. (1976). Malingering as role taking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 32-41.
5.
Armentrout, J.A., & Hauer, A.L. (1978). MMPI's of rapists of adults, rapists of children, and non-rapist sex offenders. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 34, 330-332.
6.
Beatrice, J. (1985). A psychological comparison of herterosexuals, transvestites, preoperative transsexuals and postoperative transsexuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173, 358-365.
7.
Bem,S.L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
8.
Bednard, L.C. (1981). The multidimensional aspects of masculinity-femininity . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 41, 797-802.
9.
Berzins, J.I., Ross, W.F., English, G.E., & Haley, J.V. (1974). Subgroups among opiate addicts: A typological investigation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 65-73.
10.
Betz, N.E., & Bander, R.S. (1980). Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 39, 1245-1248.
11.
Bradford, J.M.W., Bloomberg, D., & Bourget, D. (1988). The heterogeneity/homogeneity of pedophilia. Psychaitric Journal of the University of Ottawa, 13, 217-226.
12.
Burkhart, B.R., Gynther, M.D., & Christian, W.L. (1978). Psychological mindedness, intelligence, and item subtlety endorsement patterns on the MMPI. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 76-79.
13.
Byrne, D. (1961). The repression-sensitization Scale: Rationale, reliability, and validity. Journal of Personality, 29, 334-349.
14.
Byrne, D., Barry, J., & Nelson, D. (1963). Relation of the revised repression-sensitization scale to measures of self-description. Psychological Reports , 13, 323-334.
Cavior, N., Kurtzberg, R.L., & Lipton, D.S. (1967). The development and validation of a heroin addiction scale with the MMPI. International Journal of the Addictions , 2, 129-137.
17.
Colligan, RC, Osborne, D., Swenson, W.M., & Offord, K.P. (1984). The MMPI: Development of contemporary norms. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 100-107.
18.
Colligan, R.C., Osborne, D., Swenson, W.M., & Offord, KP (1985). Using the 1983 norms for the MMPI: Code type frequencies in four clinical samples. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 629-633.
19.
Cutter, F. (1960). Sexual psychopathy: An MMPI survey. Unpublished paper. Veterans Adminsitration Hospital, Fresno, California.
20.
Dahlstrom, W.G., Welsh, G.S., & Dahlstrom, L.E. (1972). An MMPI handbook. Vol 1. Clinicai Interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
21.
Davis, W.E., Pursell, S.A., & Burnham, R.A. (1979). Alcoholism, sex-role orientation and psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Psycholgy, 35, 209-212.
22.
Davis, K.R., & Sines, J.O. (1971). An antisocial behavior pattern associated with a specific MMPI profile. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 36, 229-234.
23.
Deiker, T.E. (1974). A cross-validation of MMPI scales of aggression on male criminal criterion groups. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 42, 196-202.
24.
Dietz, P.E. (1986). Mass, serial, and sensational homicides. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 62, 477-491.
25.
Eichman, R. (1962). Factored scales for the MMPI: A clinical and statistical manual. Joumal of Clinical Psychology, 18, 363-395.
26.
Endicott, N.A., Jortner, S., & Abramoff, E. (1969). Objective measures of suspiciousness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 26-32.
27.
Erickson, W.D., Luxenberg, M.G., Walbek, N.H., & Seely, R.K. (1987). Frequency of MMPI two-point code types among sex offenders. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 55, 566-570.
28.
Finney, J.C. (1965) Development of a new set of MMPI scales. Psychological Reports, 17, 707-713.
29.
Foulds, G.A., Caine, T.M., & Creasy, M.A. (1960). Aspects of extra- and intro-punitive expression in mental illness. Journal of Mental Science, 106, 599-610.
30.
Freund, K., Langevin, R., Satterberg, J., & Steiner, B. (1977). Extension of the gender identity scale for males . Archives of Sexual Behavior, 6, 507-519.
31.
Gynther, M.D., Burkhart, B.R., & Hovanitz, C. (1979). Do face-valid items have more predictive validity than subtle items? The case of the MMPI Pd Scale. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 47, 295-300.
32.
Haan, N. (1965). Coping and defense mechanisms related to personality inventories. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29, 373-378.
33.
Hall, G.C. Nagayama (1989). Self-reported hostility as a function of offence characteristics and response style in a sexual offender population. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 57, 306-308. (a)
34.
Hall, G.C. Nagayama (1989). WAIS-R and MMPI profiles of men who have sexually assaulted children: Evidence of limited utility. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53, 404-412. (b)
35.
Hall, G.C. Nagayama, Maiuro, RD, Vitaliano, P.P., & Proctor, W.C. (1986). The utility of the MMPI with men who have sexually assaulted children. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 54, 493-496.
36.
Hampton, P.J. (1953). The development of a personality questionnaire for drinkers . Genetic Psychology Monographs, 48, 55-115.
37.
Harrison, R.H., & Kass, E.H. (1968). MMPI correlates of Negro acculturation in a northern city. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 262-270.
38.
Hartman, B.J. (1967). Comparison of selected experimental MMPI profiles of sexual deviates and sociopaths without sexual deviation. Psychological Reports, 20, 234.
39.
Holmes, W.O. (1953) The development of an empirical MMPI scale for alcoholism. Unpublished paper. San Jose (Calif.)State College.
40.
Horn, J.L. (1970). Linearly independent score components in MMPI-based scales and their role in characterizing hospitalized alcoholics. Proceedings of the 78th Annual Convention of the APA, 5, 888.
41.
Hoyt, D.P., & Sedlacek, G.M. (1958). Differentiating alcoholics from normals and abnormals with the MMPI. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14, 69-74.
42.
Huesman, L.R., Lefkowitz, M.M., & Eron, L.D. (1978). Sum of MMPi Scales F, 4, 9 as a measure of aggression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1071-1078.
43.
Kalichman, S.C. (1990). Affective and personality characteristics of MMPI profile subgroups of incarcerated rapists. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19, 443-459.
44.
Kalichman, S.C., Szmanowski, D., McKee, G., Taylor, J., & Craig, M.E. (1989). Cluster analytically derived MMPI profile subgroups of incarcerated adult rapists. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 45, 149-155.
45.
Karacan, I., Williams, R.L., Guerrero, M.W., Salis, P.J., Thornby, J.I. & Hursch, C.J., (1974). Nocturnal penile tumescence and sleep of convicted rapists and other prisoners, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 3, 19-26.
46.
Keegan, J.F., & Lachar, d. (1979). The MMPI as a predictor of early termination from polydrug abuse treatment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 43, 379-384.
47.
Koss, M.P., Leonard, K.E., Beezley, D.A., & Oros, C. j. (1985). Nonstranger sexual aggression: A discriminant analysis of the psychological characteristics of undetected offenders. Sex Roles, 12, 981-982.
48.
Lane, P.J., & Kling, J.S. (1979). Construct validation of the overcontrolled hostility scale of the MMPI. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 47, 781-782.
49.
Lang, R.A., Holden, R., Langevin, R., Pugh, G.M., & Wu, R. (1987). Personality and criminality in violent offenders . Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 179-195.
50.
Langevin, R. (1985). The paraphilias. In M.H. Ben-Aron, S.J. Hucker, & C.D. Webster (Eds.) Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior. Toronto : Clarke Institute of Psychiatry. (a)
51.
R. Langevin (Ed.) Erotic preference, gender identity, and aggression in men: New research studies. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates. (b)
52.
Langevin, R. (1988). Defensiveness in sex offenders. In R Rogers (Ed.) Clinical assessment of malingering and deception. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 269-308.
53.
Langevin, R., Ben-Aron, M.H., Wright, P., Marchese, V., & handy, L. (1988). The sex killer. Annals of Sex Research, 1, 263-301.
54.
Langevin, R., Hucker, S.J., Handy, L., Hook, H.J., Purins, J.E., & Russon, A.E. (1985). Erotic preference and aggression in pedophilia: A comparison of heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual types. In R Langevin (Ed.) Erotic preference, gender identity, and aggression in men: New research studies. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates.
55.
Langevin, R., Lang, R.A., Reynolds, R., Wright, P., Garrels, D., Marchese, V., Handy, L., Pugh, & Frenzel, R.R. (1988). Personality and sexual anomalies: An examination of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. Annals of Sex Research, 1, 13-32.
56.
Langevin, R., Lang, R.A., Wright, P., Handy, L., & Majpruz, V. (1989). Identifying violence-proneness in sex offenders . Annals of Sex Research, 2, 49-66.
57.
Langevin, R., Majpruz, V., & Handy, L. (1989). The gender dysphoria scale: A comparison of gender patients, sexually anomalous pateints and community controls. Annals of Sex Research, 2, 89-96.
58.
Langevin, R., Paitich, D., Freeman, R., Mann, K., & Handy, L. (1978). Personality characteristics and sexual anomalies in males. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 10, 222-238.
59.
Langevin, R., Paitich, D., Orchard, B., Handy, L., & Russon, A. (1982). Diagnosis of killers seen for psychiatric assessment: A controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica, 66, 216-228.
60.
Langevin, R., Paitich, D., & Russon, A.E. (1985). Voyeurism: Does it predict sexual aggression or violence in general? In R. Langevin (Ed.) Erotic preference, gender identity, and aggression in men: New research studies. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates.
61.
Langevin, R., Paitich, D., & Russon, A.E. (1985). Are rapists sexually anomalous, aggressive, or both? In R. Langevin (Ed.) Erotic preference, gender identity, and aggression in men: New research studies . Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates .
62.
Langevin, R., Wright, P., & Handy, L. (1988). Empathy, assertiveness, aggressiveness and defensiveness among sex offenders. Annals of Sex Research, 1, 533-547.
63.
Lanyon, R.I., & Lutz, R.W. (1984). MMPI discrimination of defensive and nondefensive felony sex offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 52. 841-843.
64.
Leonard, C.V. (1977). The MMPI as a suicide predictor. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 45, 367-377.
65.
Levine, S.B. (1980). Psychiatric diagnosis of patients requesting sex reassignment surgery. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy , 6, 164-173.
66.
Linden, J.D. (1969) The differential utility of a scale to identify alcoholics. Unpublished paper presented at teh Midwestern Psychological Association Meeting1969.
67.
MacAndrew, C. (1965). The differentiation of male alcoholic outpatients from non-alcoholic psychaitric patients by means of the MMPI. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 26, 238-246.
68.
MacDougald, D. (1970). Handbook for emotional maturity development profile and probability reports. Decatur, Ga: Emotional Maturity Instruction Center.
69.
Marsh, J.T., Hilliard, J., & Lechti, R. (1955). A sexual deviation scale for the MMPI. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 19, 55-59.
70.
McCreary, C.P. (1975). Personality differences among child molesters . Journal of Personality Assessment, 39, 591-593.
71.
McCreary, C.P. (1976). Trait and type differences among male and female assaultive and nonassaultive offenders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 40, 617-621.
72.
McGovern, F.J., & Nevid, J.S. (1986). Evaluation apprehension on psychological inventories ina prison setting. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psycholgy , 54, 576-578.
73.
McLachlan, J.F.C. (1975). An MMPI discriminant function to distinguish alcoholics form narcotic addicts: Effects of age, sex, and psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 163-165.
74.
Megargee, E.I., Cook, P.E., & Mendelsohn, G.A. (1967). Development and validation of an MMPI scale of assaultivenesss in overcontrolled individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72, 519-528.
75.
Messick. S., & Jackson, D.N. (1972). Judgmental dimension of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psycholgy, 38, 418-427.
76.
Overall, J.E. (1973). MMPI personality patterns of alcoholics and narcotic addicts. Quarterly Journal of Studies in Alcohol, 34, 104-111.
77.
Pallis, D.J., & Birtchnell, J. (1977). Seriousness of suicide attempt in relation to personality. British Journal of Psychaitry , 130, 253-259.
78.
Panton, J.H. (1978). Personality differences appearing between rapist of adults, rapist of children, and nonviolent sexual molesters of female children . Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavior , 3, 385-393.
79.
Panton, J.H. (1960). A new MMPI scale for the identification of homosexuality . Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16, 17-21.
80.
Panton, J.H. (1962). The identification of habitual criminalism with the MMPI. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18, 133-136.
81.
Panton, J.H. (1970). Validation of the aggravated sex scale for the MMPI. Unpublished paper. North Carolina Department of Social Rehabilitation and Control (Raleigh)
82.
Panton, J.H. (1979). MMPI profile configurations associated with incestuous and non-incestuous molesting. Psychological Reports, 45, 335-338.
83.
Panton, J.H., & Brisson, R.C. (1971). Characteristics associated with drug abuse within a state prison population, Corrective Psychaitry & Journal of Social Therapy, 17, 3-33.
84.
Pantalano, F. (1978). Personality dimensions of drug abusers who enter a drug-free therapeutic community. Psychological Reports, 42, 1063-1069.
85.
Patalano, F. (1980). Comparison of MMPI scores of drug abusers and Mayo Clinic normative groups. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 36, 576-579.
86.
Penk, W.E., Woodward, W.A., Robinowitz, R., & Hess, J.L. (1978). Differences in MMPI scores of black and white compulsive heroin users. Journal of Abnormal Psycholgy, 87, 505-513.
87.
Persons, R.W., & Marks, P.A. (1971). The violent 4-3 MMPI personality type. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 36, 189-196.
88.
Quinsey, V.L., Arnold, L.S., & Preusse, M.G. (1980).MMPI profiles of men referred for a pretrial psychiatric assessment as a function of offense type. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36,410-417.
89.
Rada, R.T. (1978). Clinical aspects of the rapist. New York" Grune & Stratton.
90.
Rader, C.M. (1977). MMPI profile types of exposers, rapists, and assaulters in a court services population. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psycholgy, 45, 61-69.
91.
Rathus, S.A., Fox, J.A., & Ortins, B. (1980). The Mac Andrew Scale as a measure of substance abuse and delinquency among adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 579-583.
92.
Revitch, E. (1965). Sex murder and the potential sex murder. Diseases of the Nervous System, 26, 640-648.
93.
Rosen, R. (1974). Brief report of MMPI characteristics of sexual deviation. Psychological Reports, 35, 73-74.
94.
Rosenberg, N. (1970). Comparative validity for a composite MMPI alcoholism key. Proceedings of the 78th Annual Convention of the APA, 5, 888.
95.
Ross, M.W., & Burnard, D. (1988). Utility of the Gd Scale for the measurement of gender-dysphoria in males. Psychological Reports, 63, 87-90.
96.
Schwartz, M.F., & Graham, J.R. (1979). Construct validity of the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 47, 1090-1095.
Sines, J.O. (1966). Actuarial methods in personality assessment. In B. Maher (Ed.) Progress in experimental personality research. New York: Academic Press.
99.
Snowden, L.R., Campbell, D.R., & Nelson, L.S. (1984). The MMPI and porblem drinking: Statistical controls and multifactor criteria. Journal of Personality Assessment , 48, 271-278.
100.
Snyder, D.K., Kline, R.B., & Podany, E.C. (1985). Comparison of external correlates of MMPI substance abuse scales across sex and race. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 53, 520-525.
Sutker, P.B., Archer, RP, & Allain, A.N. (1978). Drug abuse patterns, personality characteristics and relationships with sex, race, and sensation seeking. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 46, 1374-1378.
103.
Todd, A.L., & Gynther, M.D. (1988). Have MMPI Mf Scale correlates changes in the past 30 years? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 505-510.
104.
Toobert, S., Bartelme, K.F., & Jones, E.S. (1959). Some factors related to pedophilia. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 4, 272-279.
105.
Torki, M.A. (1980). Validation of the MMPI MF Scale in Kuwait. Psychological Reports, 47, 1152-1154.
106.
Ullman, L. (1962). An empirically derived MMPI scale which measures facilitation-inhibition of recognition of threatening stimuli. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18, 127-132.
107.
Velasquez, R.J. & Callahan, W.J. (1989). MMPI profiles of Hispanic-American inpatient and outpatient sex offenders. Psychological Reports , 65, 1055-1058.
108.
Volentine, S. Zimmerman (1981). The assessment of masculinity and femininity: Scale 5 of the MMPI compared with the BSRI and the PAQ. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 367-374.
Walters, G.D. (1987). Child sex offenders and rapists in a military prison setting, International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology, 31, 261-269.
111.
Walters, G.D., & Greene, R.L. (1983). Factor structure of the overcontrolled hostility scale of the MMPI. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 560-562.
112.
Walters, G.D., Greene, R.L., & Solomon, G.S. (1982). Empirical correlates of the overcontrolled hostility scale and the MMPI 4-3 high-point pair. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 50, 213-218.
113.
Waters, B.G.H., Sewndbuehler, J.M., Kincel, R.L., Boodoosingh, L.A., & Narchenko, I. (1982). The use of the MMPI for the differentiation of suicidal and non-suicidal depressions. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 663-667.
114.
Welsh, G.S. (1956). Factor dimensions A and R In Welsh. G.S.,Dahlstrom, W.G. (Eds.). Basic readings on the MMPI in psychology and medicine. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
115.
Wong, M.R. (1984). MMPI scale 5: Its meaning, or lack thereof. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 279-284.
