This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between self-efficacy and self-reported caring behaviors of 198 nurses working in intensive care units of hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran in 2023. The tools used were a Sociodemographic Information Form, the Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Caring Behaviors Inventory. In the multiple linear regression model, the support situation subscale of self-efficacy was significantly associated with the total caring behavior scores of nurses (β = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.74–2.07, p = 0.001). In the multiple linear regression model, 70% of the variance in caring behaviors among nurses was explained (R2 = 0.73). By recognizing the role of social support in fostering nurses’ confidence and competence, healthcare organizations can implement targeted interventions to promote a supportive work environment and enhance patient care outcomes.
AkanselN.WatsonR.VatanseverN.ÖzdemirA. (2021). Nurses’ perceptions of caring activities in nursing. Nursing Open, 8(1), 506–516. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.653
2.
AlikariV.GerogianniG.FradelosE. C.KelesiM.KabaE.ZygaS. (2022). Perceptions of caring behaviors among patients and nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010396
3.
Atashzadeh ShouridehS. F.ZagheriT. M.HeidariK. N.SheikhM. A.GilasiH. R.SaberyM. (2015). The viewpoints of undergraduate nursing students about the importance of caring behaviors at the beginning, middle, and end of their nursing education. Hayat, 21(3), 63–73. http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/article-1-1199-en.html
4.
BahramiM.AlaviA.Zargham-BoroujeniA. (2018). Caring self-efficacy perception in pediatric wards nurses. Iran Journal of Nursing, 31(112), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_152_20
5.
BanduraA. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents, 5(1), 307–337. https://doi.org/10.12691/jpar-2-1-2
6.
Chami-MalaebR. (2022). Relationship of perceived supervisor support, self-efficacy and turnover intention: The mediating role of burnout. Personnel Review, 51(3), 1003–1019. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-11-2019-0642
7.
ChanZ. C. Y.KuY. H. (2020). Self-efficacy and caring behavior: A literature review. Nursing Open, 7(5), 1349–1361. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.710
8.
DehghaniF.Barkhordari-SharifabadM.Sedaghati-KasbakhiM.FallahzadehH. (2020). Effect of palliative care training on perceived self-efficacy of nurses. BMC Palliative Care, 19(1), Article 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-020-00567-4
9.
DesbiensJ FGagnonJ.FillionL. (2012). Development of a shared theory in palliative care to enhance nursing competence. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(9), 2113–2124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05917.x
10.
GalbraithS.DanielJ AVisselB. (2010). A study of clustered data and approaches to its analysis. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(32), 10601–10608. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0362-10.2010
11.
GhafouriR.NasiriM.Atashzadeh-ShooridehF.Tayyar-IravanlouF.RahmatyZ. (2021). Translation and validation of caring behaviors inventory among nurses in Iran. PLoS ONE, 16(7), e0254317. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254317
12.
GuttormsonJ LCalkinsK.McAndrewN.FitzgeraldJ.LosurdoH.LoonsfootD. (2022). Critical care nurse burnout, moral distress, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A United States survey. Heart & Lung, 55(5), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.04.015
13.
HajinezhadM. E.AzodiP. (2014). Nurse caring behaviors from patients’ and nurses’ perspective: A comparative study. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 3(4), 1010–1017. Retrieved from https://european-science.com/eojnss/article/view/1300
HuS. H.YuY. M.ChangW. Y.LinY. K. (2018). Social support and factors associated with self-efficacy among acute-care nurse practitioners. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(3–4), 876–882. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14129
16.
JoolaeeS.RastiF.GhiyasvandianS.HaghanH. (2014). Patients’ perceptions of caring behaviors in oncology settings. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research, 9(1), 59–67. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232013595
17.
KangH. (2021). Sample size determination and power analysis using the G* Power software. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 18, 17. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.17
18.
KarabacakÜSerbestŞKan ÖntürkZ.Eti AslanF.OlgunN. (2013). Relationship between student nurses’ self-efficacy and psychomotor skills competence. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 19(2), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12051
19.
KaurD.SambasivanM.KumarN. (2013). Effect of spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout on caring behaviour of nurses: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(21–22), 3192–3202. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12216
20.
LazemiZ.Barkhordari-SharifabadM. (2023). Translation and psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the “nursing profession self-efficacy scale”. BMC Nursing, 22(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01088-0
21.
LeeP.-Y.DunneM. P.ChouF.-H.FraserJ. A. (2012). Development of the child abuse and neglect reporting self-efficacy questionnaire for nurses. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 28(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2011.06.002
22.
LeeT. W.KoY. K. (2010). Effects of self-efficacy, affectivity and collective efficacy on nursing performance of hospital nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(4), 839–848. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05271.x
23.
LloydH.HancockH.CampbellS. (2011). Vital notes for nurses: Principles of care. John Wiley & Sons.
24.
MaG.HanZ.MaX. (2023). Core self-evaluation and innovative behavior: Mediating effect of error orientation and self-efficacy of nurses. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1298986. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1298986
ManojlovichM. (2005). Promoting nurses’ self-efficacy: A leadership strategy to improve practice. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 35(5), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200505000-00002
27.
Nadian-SadehH. (2020). The relationship between spiritual intelligence with caring behavior and empathy in nurses working in hospitals affiliated to university of medical sciences of Kashan. Journal of Nursing Education, 8(6), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.22037/jne.v8i6.26810
28.
OlumaA.AbadigaM. (2020). Caring behavior and associated factors among nurses working in jimma university specialized hospital, Oromia, Southwest Ethiopia, 2019. BMC Nursing, 19, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-00472-7
29.
SchwarzerR.HallumS. (2008). Perceived teacher self-efficacy as a predictor of job stress and burnout: Mediation analyses. Applied Psychology, 57(1), 152–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00325.x
30.
ShakeriniaI. (2011). Relation of emotional intelligence and self-efficacy beliefs of nurses who worked in the emergency department with patients’ satisfaction from the treatment process. Hospital Journal, 9(3&4), 15–22. http://jhosp.tums.ac.ir/article-1-74-en.html
31.
ShoreyS.LopezV. (2021). Self-efficacy in a nursing context. In Health promotion in health care—Vital theories and research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44615-6_10 (pp. 145–158).
ThomasD.NewcombP.FuscoP. (2019). Perception of caring among patients and nurses. Journal of Patient Experience, 6(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373519842226
34.
UdomluckS.TonmukayakulO.TiansawadS.SrisuphanW. (2010). Development of Thai nurses’ caring behavior scale. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 14(1), 32–44. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141431361
35.
Van HornE.ChristmanJ. (2017). Assessment of nursing student confidence using the clinical skills self-efficacy scale. Nursing Education Perspectives, 38(6), 344–346. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000274
WatsonJ. (2008). Nursing: The philosophy and science of caring. University Press of Colorado.
38.
WilliamsA. M. (1998). The delivery of quality nursing care: A grounded theory study of the nurse’s perspective. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27(4), 808–816. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00673.x
39.
WolfZ. R.DillonP. M.TownsendA. B.GlasoferA. (2017). Caring behaviors inventory-24 revised: CBI-16 validation and psychometric properties. International Journal of Human Caring, 21(4), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.20467/1091-5710-21.4.185
40.
WuL.-C.ChouC.-Y.KaoC.-Y. (2023). Workplace social support as a mediating factor in the association between occupational stressors and job burnout: A study in the Taiwanese nursing context. Journal of Nursing Management, 2023, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5599128
41.
ZenginN.PınarR.AkinciA. C.YildizH. (2014). Psychometric properties of the self-efficacy for clinical evaluation scale in turkish nursing students. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23(7–8), 976–984. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12257
