A survey was sent to all Psychiatric Mental Health (PMH) Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) who had a registered e-mail address with the American Nurses Credentialing Center, resulting in 1,899 usable surveys. The practice of two groups of APRNs was examined and contrasted: those certified to treat children and adolescents and PMH-APRNs certified only to treat adults. Our findings raise concerns about the numbers of PMH-APRNs treating children. Considering the national demand for mental health professionals prepared to treat children, the specialty must move to increase the number of qualified APRN child providers.
American Association of Colleges of Nursing. ( 2008). 2007-2008 Enrollment and graduations in baccalaureate and graduate programs in nursing. Washington, DC: Author.
2.
American Nurses Association, American Psychiatric Nurses Association, International Society of Psychiatric Mental Health Nurses. ( 2007). Psychiatric-mental health nursing: Scope and standards of practice. Silver Spring, MD: American Nurses Association.
3.
American Nurses Credentialing Center. (2008 ). 2007 ANCC certification data. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from www.nursecredentialing.org
4.
American Psychiatric Nurses Association. ( 1995). Prescriptive authority for advanced practice psychiatric nurses. Retrieved on May 1, 2008, from http://www.apna.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3339
5.
Baradell, J.G. (1994). Cost-effectiveness and quality of care provided by clinical nurse specialists. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 32(3), 21-24.
6.
Baradell, J.G. (1995). Clinical outcomes and satisfaction of patients of clinical nurse specialists in psychiatric-mental health nursing. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 9, 240-250.
7.
Baradell, J.G., & Bordeaux, B.R. (2001). Outcomes and satisfaction of patients of psychiatric clinical nurse specialists. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 7, 67-75.
8.
Campbell, C.D., Musil, C.M., & Zausczniewski, J.A. (1998). Practice patterns of advanced practice psychiatric nurses. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 4, 111-120.
9.
Duffy, F.F., Kohut, J.J., Whitaker, T., Hanrahan, N., Delaney, K.R., Merwin, E., et al. (2006). Mental health practitioners and trainees . In R. W. Mandersheid & M. J. Henderson (Eds.), Mental health, United States, 2004 (DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 3938, pp. 327-368). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration .
10.
Emerson, E. (2003). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 51-58.
11.
Feldman, S., Bachman, J., Cuffel, B., Friesen, B., & McCabe , J. (2003). Advanced practice psychiatric nurses as a treatment resource: Survey and analysis . Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 30, 479-494.
12.
Glod, C., & Manchester, A. (2000). Prescribing patterns of advanced practice psychiatric nurses. Clinical Excellence of Nurse Practitioners, 4, 22-29.
13.
Goolsby, M.J. (2005). 2004 AANP national nurse practitioner sample survey: Part II. Nurse practitioner prescribing. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 17, 506-511.
14.
Hanrahan, N., Stuart, G.W., Brown, P., Johnson, M., Draucker, C.B., & Delaney, K. (2003). The psychiatric mental health workforce: Large numbers, little data. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 9, 111-114.
15.
Huang, L., Macbeth, G., Dodge, J., & Jacobstein, D. (2004). Transforming the workforce in children's mental health. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 32, 167-187
16.
Kaas, M., Dahl, D., Dehn, D., & Frank, K. (1998). Barriers to prescriptive practice for psychiatric/mental health child nurse specialists. Clinical Nurse Specialist , 12, 200-204.
17.
Koppleman, J. (2004, October 26). The provider system for children's mental health: Workforce capacity and effective treatment (Issue Brief No. 801). Washington, DC: National Health Policy Forum. Retrieved on September 1, 2007 from http://www.nhpf.org/library/details.cfm/2469
18.
Lovell, K., Cox, D., Garvey, R., Raines, D., Richards, D., Conroy, P., et al. (2003). Agoraphobia: Nurse therapist-facilitated self-help manual. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43, 623-630.
19.
Manderscheid, R. W., & Berry, J. T. (Eds.). (2006). Mental health, United States, 2004 (DHHS Pub no. (SMA)-06-4195). Rockville, MD : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration .
20.
Masi, R., & Cooper, J.L. (2006). Children's mental health: Facts for policy makers. New York: National Center for Children in Poverty. Retrieved on October 15, 2008 from http://www.nccp.org/publications/pub_687.html
21.
Merwin, E.I., Greiner, D., Barrell, L.M., Clement, J., Chisholm, M., Delaney, K.R. et al. (1997). Advanced practice psychiatric nursing: A national profile. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 11, 182-183.
22.
Moller, M., & Murphy, M. (1997). The three R's rehabilitation program: A prevention approach for the management of relapse symptoms associated with psychiatric diagnoses. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 20, 42-48.
23.
National Advisory Mental Health Council, Workgroup on Child and Adolescent Mental Health Intervention Development and Deployment (2001). Blueprint for change: Research on child and adolescent mental health. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
24.
New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. ( 2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Final report (DHHS Publication No. SMA-03-3832). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
25.
Peterson, B.D., West, J., Pincus, H.A., Kohout, J., Pion, G.M., Wicherski, M.M., et al. (1996). An update on human resources in mental health. In R. W. Manderscheid & M. A. Sonnenschein (Eds.), Mental health, United States , 1996. (DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 96-3098, pp. 168-249). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
26.
Pottick, K.J., Warner, L.A., Isaacs, M., Henderson, M.J., Milazzo-Sayre, L., & Manderscheid, R.W. (2004). Children and adolescents treated in specialty mental health care programs in the United States: 1986 and 1997. In R. W. Manderscheid & M. J. Henderson (Eds.), Mental health, United States, 2002 (DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 3938, pp. 314-326) . Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
27.
Rice, M.J., Moller, M.D., DePascale, C., & Skinner, L. (2007). APNA and ANCC collaboration: Achieving consensus on future credentialing for advanced practice psychiatric and mental health nursing. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association , 13, 153-159.
28.
Saur, C., & Ford, S. (1995). Quality, cost-effective psychiatric treatment: CNS-MD collaborative practice model. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 9, 332-337.
29.
Talley, S., & Brooke, P. (1992) Prescriptive authority for psychiatric clinical specialists: Framing the issues. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing , 6(2), 71-82.
30.
Talley, S., & Richens, S. (2001). Prescribing practices of advanced practice psychiatric nurses: Part I- Demographic, educational and practice characteristics. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 15, 206-213.
31.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ( 1999). Mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health .
32.
Warner, L.A., & Pottick, K.J. (2004, Winter). More than 380,000 children diagnosed with multiple mental health problems. Report submitted to the Annie E. Casey Foundation. Latest findings in children's mental health (Issue Brief, Vol. 3, No. 1). New Brunswick, NJ: Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University. Retrieved March 9, 2009, from http://www.dhh.louisiana.gov/offices/publications/pubs-142/Vol.%203,%20NO.%201%20-%20Winter%202004.pdf
33.
Weiss, & Talley. (2009). A comparison of the practices of psychiatric clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners who are certified to provide mental health care for children and adolescents. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 15, 111-119.
34.
Wheeler, K., & Delaney, K.R. (2008). Challenges and realities of teaching psychotherapy: A survey of psychiatric mental health nursing graduate programs. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 44, 72-80.
35.
Wissow, L., Anthony, B., Brown, J., DosReis, S., Gadomski, A., Ginsburg, G., et al. (2008). A common factors approach to improving the mental health capacity of pediatric primary care. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 35, 305-318.
36.
Zito, J.M., Derivan, A.T., Kratochvil, C.J., Safer, D.J., Fegert, J.M., & Greenhill, L. (2008). Off-label psychopharmacologic prescribing for children: History supports close clinical monitoring. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2. Retrieved on December 1, 2008 from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2566553
