Legal and Ethical Considerations

American Psychiatric Nurses Association . (2003). Position statement on mandatory outpatient treatment. Retrieved April 30, 2004, from http://www.apna.org/resources/postionpapers/mandatoryoutpatient.html

Geller, J. , (2000). The use of advance directives by persons with serious mental illness for psychiatric treatment. Psychiatric Quarterly, 71(1), 1-13.

Humphrey v. Cady, 405 U.S. 504, 509 (1972).

Involuntary Outpatient Commitment, 211th Legislature, State of New Jersey, S. 327 (2004). Retrieved July 15, 2004, from http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2004/Bills/S0500/327_I1.HTM

Isaacs, F.L. (1997). Guide to conservatorship for families. Retrieved July 15, 2004, from http://www.imtassociates.com/guide.html

Kendra’s Law, New York State’s Assisted Outpatient Law, New York Mental Hygiene Law 9.60 (1999).

Levy, R. & Rubenstein, L. (1996). The rights of people with mental disabilities: The authoritative ACLU guide to the rights of people with mental illness and mental retardation. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Administration . (n.d.). Advance directive for mental health treatment. Retrieved April 26, 2004, from http://www.dhmh.state.md.us/mha/miscpdf/4752advance.pdg

Mental Health—Emergency Evaluation—Psychiatric Nurses, Maryland General Assembly, H.R. 1433 (2004). Retrieved April 26, 2004, from http://mlis.state.md.us/2004rs/b1illfile/HB1433.htm

Mental Health—Emergency Evaluation—Psychiatric Nurses, Maryland General Assembly, S. 873 (2004). Retrieved April 26, 2004, from http://mlis.state.md.us/2004rs/billfile/sb0873.htm

Mental Health Treatment Preference Declaration Act, Illinois Stat. Public Act 86-1190 (1990).

National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) Maryland . (2003, September 30). New emergency evaluation law [Press release]. Retrieved June 4, 2004 from http://md.nami.org/eepressrel.htm

New York State Office of Mental Health . (1999, November). Summary: An explanation of Kendra’s Law. Retrieved July 15, 2004, from http://www.omh.state.ny.us/omhweb/Kendra_web/Ksummary.htm

Treatment Advocacy Center . (2003a, Summer/Fall). Changes in treatment legislation, last 5 years. Catalyst, 3.

Treatment Advocacy Center . (2003b). Laura’s Law implementation begins. Retrieved June 4, 2004, from http://www.psychlaws.org/StateActivity/California.htm

Treatment Advocacy Center . (2003, Winter/2004, Spring). Reaffirmed: Assisted treatment constitutional. Catalyst, 3.

Treatment Advocacy Center. (2004). Retrieved July 15, 2004, from http://www.pyschlaws.org

American Nurses Association . (2000). Scope and standards of psychiatric-mental health nursing practice. Washington, DC: Author.

American Nurses Association . (2001). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association . (1999). Mandatory outpatient treatment: A resource document of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC: Author.

Appelbaum, P. S. , Robbins, P. C. , & Monahan, J. (2000). Violence and delusions: Data from MacArthur violence risk assessment study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 566-572.

Borum, R. , Swartz, M. , & Swanson, J. (1996). Assessing and managing violence risk in clinical practice. Journal of the Practice of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, 4, 205-215.

Doyle, M. (1998). Clinical risk assessment for mental health nurses. Nursing Times, 94(17), 47-49.

Geller, J. (2000). The use of advance directives by persons with serious mental illness for psychiatric treatment. Psychiatric Quarterly, 71(1), 1-13.

Harris, G. , & Rice, M. (1997). Risk appraisal and management of violent behavior. Psychiatric Services, 48, 1168-1176.

Humphrey v. Cady, 405 U.S. 504, 509 (1972).

Kendra’s law, New York State’s Assisted Outpatient Law (New York Mental Hygiene Law § 9.60) (1999).

Levy, R. , & Rubenstein, L. (1996). The rights of people with mental disabilities: The authoritative ACLU guide to the rights of people with mental illness and mental retardation. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Mental Health Treatment Preference Declaration Act, Illinois State. Public Act 86-1190. (1990).

Monahan, J. (1992). Mental disorder and violent behavior. American Psychologist, 47, 511-521.

Monahan, J. , Steadman, H. J. , Appelbaum, P. S. , Robbins, P. C. , Mulvey, E. P. , Roth, L. H. , et al. (2000). Developing a clinically useful actuarial tool for assessing violence risk. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 312-319.

Policy Research Associates, Inc. (1998, December 4). Final report: Research study of the New York City Involuntary Outpatient Commitment Pilot Program. New York: New York City Department of Mental Health, Mental Retardation and Alcoholism Services.

Rogers v. Okin, 478 F. Supp. 1342 (1979).

Rohland, B. M. , Rohrer, J. E. , & Richards, C. C. (2000). The long-term effect of outpatient commitment on service use. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 27, 383-394.

Steadman, H. J. , Mulvey, E. P. , Monahan, J. , Robbins, P. , Appelbaum, P. , Grissom, T. , et al. (1998). Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 393-401.

Swanson, J. , Borum, R. , Swartz, M. , & Hiday, V. (1999). Violent behavior preceding hospitalization among persons with severe mental illness. Law and Human Behavior, 2, 185-204.

Swanson, J. , Estroff, S. , Swartz, M. , Borum, R. , Lachicotte, W. , Zimmer, C. , et al. (1997). Violence and severe mental disorder in clinical and community populations: The effects of psychotic symptoms, comorbidity, and lack of treatment. Psychiatry, 60, 1-22.

Swanson, J. W. , Swartz, M. S. , Borum, R. , Hiday, V. , Wagner, H. , & Burns, B. (2000). Involuntary out-patient commitment and reduction of violent behavior in persons with severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 324-331.

Tardiff, K. (1998). Prediction of violence in patients. Journal of Practical Psychology and Behavioral Health, 4, 12-19.

Taylor, P. J. , Leese, M. , Williams, D. , Butwell, M. , Daly, R. , & Larkin, E. (1998). Mental disorder and violence: A special (high security) hospital study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 218-226.

Telson, H. , Glickstein, R. , & Trujillo, M. (1999, February 19). Report of the Bellevue Hospital Center outpatient commitment pilot program. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychiatry, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York.

Winerip, M. (1999, May 23). Bedlam on the streets [Sunday Magazine Desk]. New York Times.