Nonuse of Restraints for Pregnant and Postpartum Incarcerated Individuals

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. (2022). Health care for incarcerated women [Policy priorities]. https://www.acog.org/advocacy/policy-priorities/health-care-for-incarcerated-women

American Medical Association Council on Science and Public Health. (2025). Shackling of pregnant patients in labor H-420.957 [Health policy]. https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/shackling?uri=%2FAMADoc%2FHOD.xml-0-3700.xml

American Public Health Association. (2023). A call to stop shackling incarcerated patients seeking health care (Policy No. 20233). https://www.apha.org/getcontentasset/0a3b2704-a7f7-4431-af13-5a5b1f0527bf/7ca0dc9d-611d-46e2-9fd3-26a4c03ddcbb/20233_stopshacklingincarceratedpatients.pdf

Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. (2012). Shackling of incarcerated pregnant women. Nursing for Women’s Health, 16(1), 83–84. 10.1111/j.1751-486X.2012.01705.x

Haber L. A. , Pratt L. A. , Erickson H. P. , & Williams B. A . (2022). Shackling in the hospital. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 37(5), 1258–1260. 10.1007/s11606-021-07222-5

Kao L. , Parayil T. , Sommers E. , Lulseged B. , Moss A. R. , Thomas K. , Kramer C. , & Sufrin C . (2024). Anti-shackling legislation and resource table. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Advocacy and Research on Reproductive Wellness of Incarcerated People. https://arrwip.org/anti-shackling-laws

Kramer C. , Thomas K. , Patil A. , Hayes C. M. , & Sufrin C. B . (2023). Shackling and pregnancy care policies in US prisons and jails. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 27(1), 186–196. 10.1007/s10995-022-03526-y

National Commission on Correctional Health Care. (2025). Standards for health services in jails; Standards for health services in prisons. Relevant standards are as follows: F-05 Care of the Pregnant and Postpartum Patient, G-01 Restraint and Seclusion.