Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2018-04
Effectively Assessing Treatment Needs in Incarcerated Seriously Mentally Ill Individuals: The Utility of the Personality Assessment Inventory—Level of Care Index
Early identification of treatment needs in incarcerated individuals with serious mental illness has significant implications. Validated assessment instruments to guide treatment are lacking in correctional settings. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the predictive validity of the Level of Care Index (LOCI) in 35 inmates admitted to a specialized treatment unit. The LOCI score was predictive of levels of depressogenic psychopathology and psychological well-being as well as changes in these constructs over time. These results validate the use of the LOCI in a correctional setting and demonstrate the utility of the LOCI to identify treatment trajectories.
BergerJ. O., SellkeT. (1987). Testing a point null hypothesis: The irreconcilability of p-values and evidence. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82, 112–122.
2.
BlaisM. A., LenderkingW. R., BairL., deLorellA., PeetsK., LeahyL., BurnsC. (1999). Development and initial validation of a brief mental health outcome measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73, 359–373.
3.
CummingG. (2008). Replication and p intervals: P values predict the future only vaguely, but confidence intervals do much better. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 286–300.
4.
EdensJ. F., CruiseK. R., Buffington-VollumJ. K. (2001). Forensic and correctional applications of the personality assessment inventory. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 19, 519–543.
5.
FloydM. R., ScheyettA., VaughnJ. (2010). Experience of consumers with mental illness and their family during and after incarceration in county jails: Lessons for policy change. Journal of Policy Practice, 9, 54–64.
6.
FredricksonB. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions?. Review of General Psychology, 2, 300–319.
GelmanA. (2013). P values and statistical practice. Epidemiology, 24, 69–72.
9.
HillsH., SiegfriedC., IckowitzA. (2004). Effective prison mental health services: Guidelines to expand and improve treatment (NIC Accession Number 018604). Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.nicic.gov/Library/018604.pdf
10.
HollonS. D., KendallP. C. (1980). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 383–395.
11.
HoxJ. J. (2010). Multilevel analysis. Techniques and applications (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
12.
JamesD. J., GlazeL. E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates (NCJ 213600). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mhppji.pdf
13.
LambertiJ. S., WeismanR. L. (2004). Persons with serve mental disorders in the criminal justice system: Challenges and opportunities. Psychiatric Quarterly, 75, 151–164.
14.
LeidenfrostC. M., CalabreseW., SchoelermanR. M., CogginsE., RanneyM. R., SinclairS. J., AntoniusD. (2016). Changes in psychological health and subjective well-being among incarcerated individuals with serious mental illness. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 22, 12–20.
15.
MayoD. G., SpanosA. (Eds.). (2010). Error and inference: Recent exchanges on experimental reasoning, reliability, and the objectivity and rationality of science. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
16.
McClellandG. H., JuddC. M. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and main effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 376–390.
17.
MeehlP. E. (1997). The problem is epistemology, not statistics: Replace significance tests by confidence intervals and quantify accuracy of risky numerical predictions. In HarlowL. L., MulaikS. A., SteigerJ. H. (Eds.), What if there were no significance tests? (pp. 393–425). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
MoreyL. C., QuigleyB. D. (2002). The use of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in assessing offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 46, 333–349.
21.
OverallJ. E., GorhamD. R. (1962). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10, 799–812.
22.
SchuringaE., SpreenM., BogaertsS. (2014). Inter-rater and test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and factorial structure of the Instrument for Forensic Treatment Evaluation. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 14, 127–144.
23.
SennS. (2015, 5). “Repligate:” Why and how should we care about reproducing study results? In MoreyR. (Chair), The philosophy of statistics: Bayesianism, frequentism, and the nature of inference. Symposium conducted at the annual convention of the Association for Psychological Science, New York, NY.
24.
ShaferA. (2005). Meta-analysis of the brief psychiatric rating scale factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 17, 234–335.
25.
SheehanD. V., LecrubierY., SheehanK. H., AmorimP., JanavsJ., WeillerE.…DunbarG. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33.
26.
SinclairS. J., Slavin-MulfordJ., AntoniusD., SteinM. B., SiefertC. J., HaggertyG.…BlaisM. A. (2013). Development and preliminary validation of the Level of Care Index (LOCI) from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in a psychiatric sample. Psychological Assessment, 25, 606–617.
27.
SinclairS. J., SmithM., ChungW. J., LiebmanR., SteinM. B., AntoniusD.…BlaisM. A. (2015). Extending the validity of the Personality Assessment Inventory’s (PAI) Level of Care Index (LOCI) in multiple psychiatric settings. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97, 145–152.
28.
TaifaN., BeaneC. (2009). Integrative solutions to interrelated issues: A multidisciplinary look behind the cycle of incarceration. Harvard Law & Policy Review, 3, 283–306.
29.
ThomasS. D., SladeM., McCroneP., HartyM. A., ParrottJ., ThornicroftG., LeeseM. (2008). The reliability and validity of the forensic Camberwell Assessment of Need (CANFOR): A needs assessment for forensic mental health service users. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 17, 111–120.
WatsonD., ClarkL. A., TellegenA. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.
32.
WilliamsW., WeissT. W., EdensA., JohnsonM., ThornbyJ. I. (1998). Hospital utilization and personality characteristics of veterans with psychiatric problems. Psychiatric Services, 49, 370–375.
