This article explores the likelihood that officer-involved killings affect protest. Analyzing respondents to the Collaborative Multiracial Political Survey (CMPS) reveals no increases in protest activity between treatment groups exposed to officer-involved killings in their local area prior to participating in the survey and control groups who were exposed to officer-involved killings after survey participation overall. In fact, local exposure to Black victims appears to repress protest, but only among young Black respondents. This effect depends on the characteristics of the victim and the incident, as killings of low threat Black victims do not seem to repress protest.
BarretoMatt AFrasure-YokleyLorrieVargasEdward D.WongJanelle. 2017. “Best Practices in Collecting Online Data with Asian, Black, Latino, and White Respondents: Evidence from the 2016 Collaborative Multiracial Post-election Survey.” Politics, Groups, and Identities6 (1): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2017.1419433.
6.
BergesenAlbert. 1982. “Race Riots of 1967: An Analysis of Police Violence in Detroit and Newark.” Journal of Black Studies12 (3): 261–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/002193478201200302.
BurchTraci. n.d. “Which Lives Matter? Factors Shaping Public Attention to and Protest of Officer-Involved Killings.” Working Paper.
10.
BurchTraci. 2007. “Punishment and Participation: How Criminal Convictions Threaten American Democracy.” Ph.D., Program in Government and Social Policy, Harvard University.
11.
BurchTraci. 2021. “Not All Black Lives Matter: Officer-Involved Deaths and the Role of VictimCharacteristics in Shaping PoliticalInterest and Voter Turnout.” Perspectives on Politics, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592721003157.
12.
CarbadoDevon WRockPatrick. 2016. “What Exposes African Americans to Police Violence.” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review51: 159.
13.
CobbinaJennifer E.ChaudhuriSomaRiosVictor M.ContehMichael. 2019. “‘I Will Be Out There Every Day Strong!’ Protest Policing and Future Activism Among Ferguson and Baltimore Protesters.” Sociological Forum34 (2): 409–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12503.
14.
CohenElishaGundersonAnnaJacksonKaylynZacharyPaulClarkTom S.GlynnAdam N.OwensMichael Leo. 2019. “Do Officer-Involved Shootings Reduce Citizen Contact with Government?” The Journal of Politics81 (3): 1111–23. https://doi.org/10.1086/703539.
15.
CullenFrancist T.CaoLiqunFrankJamesLangworthyRobert H.BrowningSandra LeeKopacheReneÉStevensonThomas J.. 1996. “‘Stop Or I'll Shoot’: Racial Differences in Support for Police Use of Deadly Force.” American Behavioral Scientist39 (4): 449–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764296039004008.
16.
DaveDhaval MFriedsonAndrew IMatsuzawaKyutaroSabiaJoseph JSaffordSamuel. 2020. Black Lives Matter Protests and Risk Avoidance: The Case of Civil Unrest During a Pandemic. National Bureau of Economic Research.
17.
DavenportChristian. 2005. “Understanding Covert Repressive Action: The Case of the US Government Against the Republic of New Africa.” Journal of Conflict Resolution49 (1): 120–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002704271285.
DavenportChristianSouleSarah AArmstrongDavid A. 2011. “Protesting While Black? The Differential Policing of American Activism, 1960 to 1990.” American Sociological Review76 (1): 152–78.
21.
2020. The Dream Defenders et al. v. Desantis. United States District Court Northern District of Florida.
EarlJennifer. 2005. “‘You Can Beat the Rap, But You Can’t Beat the Ride’: Bringing Arrests Back into Research on Repression.” In Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 101–39. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
FlandersChadWellingJoseph. 2015. “Police Use of Deadly Force: State Statutes 30 Years After Garner.” Saint Louis University Public Law Review35: 109.
26.
FrazierMya. 2020. “Stop Using 'Officer-Involved Shooting.” Columbia Journalism Review, 7 August 2020.
27.
GornerJeremyPrattGregory. 2019. “Have You Spoken at a Chicago Police Board Meeting? The Police Know More About You Than you Realize.” Chicago Tribune, 24 July 2019.
28.
HahnJinyongToddPetraKlaauwWilbert Van der. 2001. “Identification and Estimation of Treatment Effects with a Regression Discontinuity Design.” Econometrica69 (1): 201–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00183.
29.
HarriotMichael. 2019. “If You Love Me, Do Not Call the Police.” The Root, 14 October 2019.
30.
HeadleyAndrea MWrightJames E. 2020. “Is Representation Enough? Racial Disparities in Levels of Force and Arrests by Police.” Public Administration Review80 (6): 1051–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13225.
JefferisEricButcherFredrickHanleyDena. 2011. “Measuring Perceptions of Police Use of Force.” Police Practice and Research: An International Journal12 (1): 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2010.497656.
33.
JohnsonDevonKuhnsJoseph B.. 2009. “Striking Out: Race and Support for Police Use of Force.” Justice Quarterly26 (3): 592–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820802427825.
34.
KingGaryKeohaneRobert O.VerbaSidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
35.
KingGaryTomzMichaelWittenbergJason. 2000. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” American Journal of Political Science44 (2): 314–55.
LaniyonuAyobami. 2019. “The Political Consequences of Policing: Evidence from New York City.” Political Behavior41 (2): 527–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9461-9.
38.
LeeByungGuKimJinhaScheufeleDietram A.. 2016. “Agenda Setting in the Internet Age: The Reciprocity Between Online Searches and Issue Salience.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research28 (3): 440–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edv026.
39.
LegewieJoschaFaganJeffrey. 2016. “Group Threat, Police Officer Diversity and the Deadly Use of Police Force.” Columbia Public Law Research Paper (14-512).
LiebersonStanleySilvermanArnold R.. 1965. “The Precipitants and Underlying Conditions of Race Riots.” American Sociological Review30 (6): 887–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/2090967.
42.
McAdamDoug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency 1930–1970. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
MearesTracey L.TylerTom R.GardenerJacob. 2015. “Lawful or Fair? How Cops and Laypeople Perceive Food Policing.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973–)105 (2): 297–343.
MorrisAldon. 2017. “The Future of Black Politics: Substance Versus Process and Formality.” In Ethnic Politics and Civil Liberties, 168–74. London: Routledge.
48.
MourtgosScott MAdamsIan T. 2020. “Assessing Public Perceptions of Police use-of-Force: Legal Reasonableness and Community Standards.” Justice Quarterly37 (5): 869–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2019.1679864.
49.
MullinixKevin JLeeperThomas JDruckmanJames NFreeseJeremy. 2015. “The Generalizability of Survey Experiments.” Journal of Experimental Political Science2 (2): 109–38. https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2015.19.
50.
MutzDiana CPemantleRobinPhamPhilip. 2019. “The Perils of Balance Testing in Experimental Design: Messy Analyses of Clean Data.” The American Statistician73 (1): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2017.1322143.
OliverPamela. 2008. “Repression and Crime Control: Why Social Movement Scholars Should Pay Attention to Mass Incarceration as a Form of Repression.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly13 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.13.1.v264hx580h486641.
53.
OppKarl-DieterRoehlWolfgang. 1990. “Repression, Micromobilization, and Political Protest.” Social Forces69 (2): 521–47. 10.2307/2579672.
54.
OwensMichael LeoWalkerHannah L.. 2018. “The Civic Voluntarism of ‘Custodial Citizens’: Involuntary Criminal Justice Contact, Associational Live, and Political Participation.” Perspectives on Politics16 (4): 990–1013. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592718002074.
55.
RafailPatrickSouleSarah AMcCarthyJohn D. 2012. “Describing and Accounting for the Trends in US Protest Policing, 1960 − 1995.” Journal of Conflict Resolution56 (4): 736–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002711431793.
56.
RayRashawn. 2020. “Restructuring Civilian Payouts for Police Misconduct.” Sociological Forum.
SemenzaDaniel CharlesBernauJohn A. 2020. “Information-Seeking in the Wake of Tragedy: An Examination of Public Response to Mass Shootings Using Google Search Data.” Sociological Perspectives65 (1): 0731121420964785.
SkocpolThedaFiorinaMorris. 1999. “Making Sense of the Civic Engagement Debate.” In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, edited by SkocpolThedaFiorinaMorris, 1–25. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
62.
SossJoeSchramSanford F. 2007. “A Public Transformed? Welfare Reform as Policy Feedback.” American Political Science Review101 (1): 111–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055407070049.
63.
StinsonPhilip MLiederbachJohnBrewerSteven LJr. 2016. “Police Integrity Lost: A Study of Law Enforcement Officers Arrested”.
64.
StreeterShea. 2019. “The Racial Politics of Police Violence in the United States.”Ph.D., Stanford University (28113079).
65.
TarrowSidney G. 2011. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
66.
TennenbaumAbraham N. 1994. “The Influence of the Garner Decision on Police Use of Deadly Force.” J. Crim. L. & Criminology85: 241. https://doi.org/10.2307/1144118.
67.
ThistlethwaiteDonand L.CampbellDonald T. 1960. “Regression-Discontinuity Analysis: An Alternative to the Ex Post Facto Experiment.” Journal of Educational Psychology51 (6): 309–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044319.
68.
TilleryAlvin B. 2019. “What Kind of Movement is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter.” Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics4 (2): 297–323. 10.1017/rep.2019.17.
69.
TillyCharles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
70.
WalkerHannah L. 2014. “Extending the Effects of the Carceral State:Proximal Contact, Political Participation, and Race.” Political Research Quarterly67 (4): 809–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912914542522.
WilliamsonVanessaTrumpKris-StellaEinsteinKatherine Levine. 2018. “Black Lives Matter: Evidence That Police-Caused Deaths Predict Protest Activity.” Perspectives on Politics16 (2): 400–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592717004273.
73.
WrightJames EHeadleyAndrea M. 2020. “Police Use of Force Interactions: Is Race Relevant or Gender Germane?” The American Review of Public Administration50 (8): 851–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020919908.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
