A comparison of two German cities responding in the 1980s to de industrialization directs our attention toward factors that explain how leaders build governance and strategic capacities: a “crisis” situation, higher level government aid, party ties and low party competition, solidarity, friendship,andmomentum.Factors that donot explain variation in these cases include the formal resources of strong-mayor city charters and the existence of a governance coalition. Mayors are in a unique position to increase governance capacity through in formal means, and if they do, they often also increase strategic capacity. This effect is, however, short term at best.
Banner, Gerhard. 2001. Reform braucht Führung—die Modernisierung der kommunalen Verwaltung.In Reinhard Mohn—Unternehmer Stifter Bürger, editedby Thomas Middelhoff, Gerd Schulte-Hillen, and Gunter Thielen, 201-215. Gütersloh, Germany: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung.
2.
Benz, Arthur, and Dietrich Fürst. 2002. Policy learning in regional networks. European Journal of Urban and Regional Studies9 (1): 21-35.
3.
Bovermann, Rainer. 1995. Das “rote” Rathaus: Die Sozialdemokratisierung des Ruhrgebietes am Beispiel Dortmund 1945-1964. Essen, Germany: Klartext Verlag.
4.
Bowman, Ann O’M., and Richard C. Kearney. 1988. Dimensions of state government capability. Western Political Quarterly41 (2): 341-362.
5.
Clarke, Susan E., and Gary Gaile. 1998. The work of cities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
6.
Clarke, Susan E., and Margit Mayer. 1986. Responding to grassroots discontent: Germany and the United States. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research10 (3): 401-417.
7.
Cole, Alistair, and Peter John. 2001. Local governance in England and France. London: Routledge.
8.
Cusack, Thomas R.1999.Social capital, institutional structures, and democratic performance: A comparative study of German local governments. European Journal of Political Research35:1-34.
9.
Dahl, Robert. 1961. Who governs?New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
10.
Deutscher Städtetag. Various years. Statistisches Jahrbuch deutscher Gemeinden. Cologne, Germany: Deutscher Städtetag.
11.
DiGaetano, Alan, and John Klemanski. 1993.Urban regime capacity: A comparison of Birmingham, England, and Detroit, Michigan. Journal of Urban Affairs15 (4): 367-384.
12.
DiGaetano, Alan, and Elizabeth Strom. 2003. Comparative urban governance: An integrated approach. Urban Affairs Review38(3): 356-395.
13.
Drei Städte: Ein Problem. 1986. Westdeutsche Allgemeine, 19 April.
14.
Elkin, Stephen. 1987. City and regime in the American republic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15.
Feagin, Joe. 1990. Are planners collective capitalists? The cases of Aberdeen and Houston. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research14 (3): 249-273.
16.
Ferman, Barbara. 1985. Governing the ungovernable city: Political skill, leadership, and the modern mayor. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
17.
Ferman, Barbara. 1996. Challenging the growth machine: Neighborhood politics in Chicago and Pittsburgh. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
18.
Flegg, A. T., C. B. Webber, and M. V. Elliott.1995.On the appropriate use of location quotientsing enerating regional input-output tables. Regional Studies26 (6): 547-561.
19.
Fuchs, Ester. 1992. Mayors and money: Fiscal policy in New York and Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
20.
Gabriel, Oscar. 2000. Introduction. In Urban democracy, edited by Oscar Gabriel, Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot, and Hank Savitch, 9-27. Opladen, Germany: Leske + Budrich.
21.
Gerszewski, Stefanie, and Michael Thull. 1998. Unternehmerische Stadt vs. Regional wirtschaftliche Moderation. Undergraduate thesis, Faculty for City Planning, University of Dortmund.
22.
Gissendanner, Scott. 2003. Methodology problems in urban governance studies. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy21 (5): 663-685.
23.
Gissendanner, Scott. 2001. Strategic action in hard times: Local responses to deindustrialization in the United States and Germany. Ph.D. diss., University of Georgia.
24.
Goch, Stefan. 2001. Eine Region im Kampf mit dem Strukturwandel: Bewältigung von Strukturwandel und Strukturpolitik im Ruhrgebiet. Essen, Germany: Klartext.
25.
Grabher, Gernot. 1994. Lob der Verschwendung. Berlin: Edition Sigma.
26.
Grabher, Gernot. 1993. The weakness of strong ties: The lock-in of regional development in the Ruhr area. In The embedded firm: On the socioeconomics of industrial networks, edited by Gernot Grabher, 255-277. London: Routledge.
27.
Gunlicks, Arthur. 1986. Local government in the German federal system. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
28.
Häußermann, Hartmut, and Walter Siebel. 1987. Neue Urbanität. Frankfurt, Germany: Campus.
29.
Häußermann, Hartmut, and Walter Siebel. 1994. Neue Formen der Stadt-und Regional politik. Archiv für Kommunalwissenschaft33 (1): 32-45.
30.
Hennings, Gerd, K. Kahnert, and Klaus Kunzmann. 1991. Restructuring an industrial economy: breaking up traditional structures in Dortmund, Germany. In Urban regeneration in a changing economy: An international perspective, edited by Joanne Fox-Przeworski, John Goddard, and Mark de Jong. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
31.
Honadle, Beth Walter. 1981. A capacity-building framework: A search for concept and purpose. Public Administration Review41:575-589.
32.
Hunter, Floyd. 1953. Community power structure. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
33.
Industrie soll nicht weiter wachsen. 1992. Augsburger Allgemeine, 30 April.
34.
Jacobs, Brian. 2000. Strategy and partnership in cities and regions: Economic development and urban regeneration in Pittsburgh, Birmingham and Rotterdam. Houndmills, England: MacMillan.
35.
John, Peter. 2001. Local governance in Western Europe. London: Sage.
36.
Judd, Dennis, and Michael Parkinson. 1990. Patterns of leadership. In Leadership and urban regeneration: Cities in North America and Europe, edited by Dennis Judd and Michael Parkinson, 295-307. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
37.
Kantor, Paul, H. V. Savitch, and Serena Vicari Haddock. 1997. The political economy of urban regimes: A comparative perspective. Urban Affairs Review32 (3): 348-377.
38.
Kaufman, Jerome L., and Harvey M. Jacobs. 1993. A public planning perspective on strategic planning. In Strategic planning for local government: A handbook for officials and citizens, edited by Roger L. Kemp, 9-28. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
39.
Keating, Michael. 1991. Comparative urban politics: Power and the city in the United States, Canada, Britain, and France. Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar.
40.
Kotter, J. P., and P. R. Lawrence. 1974. Mayors in action: Five approaches to urban governance. New York: John Wiley.
41.
Leach, Steve, and David Wilson. 2000. Local political leadership. Bristol, England: Policy Press.
42.
Le Galès, Patrick. 2002. European cities: Social conflicts and governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
43.
Levine, Myron. 1994. The transformation of urban politics in France: The roots of growth politics and urban regimes. Urban Affairs Quarterly29 (3): 383-410.
44.
Mitchell-Weaver, Clyde, David Miller, and Ronald Deal, Jr.2000. Multilevel governance and metropolitan Regionalism in the USA. Urban Studies37 (5-6): 851-876.
45.
Moss, Timothy. 1993. Der Spielraum und die Leistungen kommunaler Sozialpolitik nach dem ersten Weltkrieg. Archiv für Kommunalwissenschaften32 (2): 280-299.
46.
Mossberger, Karen, and Gerry Stoker. 2001. The evolution of urban regime theory: The challenge of conceptualization. Urban Affairs Review36 (6): 810-835.
47.
Official Bulletin. Various Years. Employment statistics, yearly figures. Nuremberg, Germany: Bundesanstalt für Arbeit.
48.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 1993. Territorial development and structural change: A new perspective on adjustment and reform. Paris: OECD.
49.
Pierre, Jon, ed. 2000. Debating governance: Authority, steering, and democracy. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
50.
Pressman, Jeffrey. 1972. Preconditions of mayoral leadership. American Political Science Review66 (2): 511-524.
Reese, Laura A.1997. Do leadership structures matter in local economic development? In Dilemmas of urban economic development, edited by Richard D. Bingham and Robert Mier, 224-240. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
53.
Reichmann, Thomas. 1996. Interview with Gunther Samtlebe. In Dortmund: Industrieund Dienstleistungszentrum Westfalens, edited by Thomas Reichmann. Dortmund, Germany: Verlag Lensing-Wolff.
54.
Rhodes, R. A. W.1997. Understanding governance: Policy networks, governance, reflexivity and accountability. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
55.
Royko, Mike. 1971. Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago. New York: New American Library.
56.
Rubin, Herbert. 1988. Shoot anything that flies; claim anything that falls: Conversations with economic development practitioners. Economic Development Quarterly2 (3): 236-251.
57.
Sbragia, Alberta. 1990.Pittsburgh’s “third way”: The nonprofit sector as a key to urban regeneration. In Leadership and urban regeneration: Cities in North America and Europe, edited by Dennis Judd and Michael Parkinson, 51-68. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
58.
Sellers, Jeffrey. 2002a. Governing from below: Urban regions and the global economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59.
Sellers, Jeffrey. 2002b. The nation-state and urban governance: Toward multilevel analysis. Urban Affairs Review37 (5): 611-641.
60.
Spindler, Charles, and John Forrester. 1993. Economic development policy: Explaining policy preferences among competing models. Urban Affairs Quarterly29 (1): 28-53.
61.
Stone, Clarence. 1989. Regime politics: Governing Atlanta 1946-1988. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
62.
Stone, Clarence. 1993.Urbanregimes and the capacity to govern: A political economy approach. Journal of Urban Affairs15 (1): 1-28.
63.
Stone, Clarence. 2001. The Atlanta experience re-examined: The link between agenda and regime change. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research25 (1): 20-34.
64.
Strom, Elizabeth. 2001. Building the new Berlin: The politics of urban development in Germany’s capital city. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Wirtschaftsförderungsforum setzte inhaltliche Akzente. 1983. Dortmunder Bekanntmachungen, 8 July.
67.
Wollmann, Hellmut. 2000. Local government systems: From historic divergence towards convergence? Great Britain, France, and Germany as comparative cases in point. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy18:33-55.
68.
Wolman, Harold. 1988. Local economic development policy: What explains the divergence between policy analysis and political behavior?Journal of Urban Affairs10:19-28.
