Using a mixed methods approach, this study sought feedback from Black college women (n = 60) on an existing Video Vignette Risk Perception Measure (VVRPM) developed for assessing women's awareness of behavioral and environmental risk cues of sexual assault. Findings from this study suggest that the current VVRPM is not an accurate measure for assessing SA risk cue awareness in Black college women as it is not culturally congruent with their lived experiences (e.g., dress, lighting, music, activities). Incorporation of this feedback will be important for modifying the VVRPM to be culturally specific for use with Black college women.
AbbeyA. (2002). Alcohol-related sexual assault: A common problem among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement, (14), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.118
2.
AndersonL. A.WhistonS. C. (2005). Sexual assault education programs: A meta-analytic examination of their effectiveness. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(4), 374–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00237.x
3.
AyeniO. O. (2022). Examination of a culturally specific sexual assault intervention for African American female survivors. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 31(8), 996–1013. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2022.2089861
4.
BagasraA.McLetchieA.Laufersweiler-DwyerD. (2023). Rape myth acceptance among students attending a Historically Black College (HBCU): Implications for intervention design. Journal of American College Health, 71(2), 528–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1898402
5.
BannonR. S.FoubertJ. D. (2017). The bystander approach to sexual assault risk reduction: Effects on risk recognition, perceived self-efficacy, and protective behavior. Violence and Victims, 32(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00057
CollingtonD.CarterM.TolliverA.Turner-MusaJ. (2019). Sexual assault among college students attending a Historically Black College/University. American Journal of Undergraduate Research, 15(4), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.33697/ajur.2019.004
9.
ConleyA. H.OverstreetC. M.HawnS. E.KendlerK. S.DickD. M.AmstadterA. B. (2017). Prevalence and predictors of sexual assault among a college sample. Journal of American College Health, 65(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1235578
10.
CorvinJ. A.ChanI.Aguado LoiC. X.DollmanI.GonzalesJ. (2021). Analytic hierarchy process: An innovative technique for culturally tailoring evidence-based interventions to reduce health disparities. Health Expectations: An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy, 24 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13022
11.
CoulterR. W. S.MairC.MillerE.BlosnichJ. R.MatthewsD. D.McCauleyH. L. (2017). Prevalence of past-year sexual assault victimization among undergraduate students: Exploring differences by and intersections of gender identity, sexual identity, and race/ethnicity. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 18(6), 726–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0762-8
12.
DyarC.MessingerA. M.NewcombM. E.ByckG. R.DunlapP.WhittonS. W. (2021). Development and initial validation of three culturally sensitive measures of intimate partner violence for sexual and gender minority populations. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(15–16), NP8824–NP8851. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519846856
FedinaL.HolmesJ. L.BackesB. L. (2018). Campus sexual assault: A systematic review of prevalence research from 2000 to 2015. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 19(1), 76–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016631129
15.
GidyczC. A.RichC. L.OrchowskiL.KingC.MillerA. K. (2006). The evaluation of a sexual assault self-defense and risk-reduction program for college women: A prospective study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(2), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00280.x
16.
GillumT. L. (2008). The benefits of a culturally specific intimate partner violence intervention for African American survivors. Violence Against Women, 14(8), 917–943. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208321982
17.
GrossA. M.WinslettA.RobertsM.GohmC. M. (2006). An examination of sexual violence against college women. Violence Against Women, 12(3), 288–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012052773
18.
GutierrezL.ChadwickN.WanamakerK. A. (2018). Culturally relevant programming versus the status quo: A meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of treatment of indigenous offenders. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 60(3), 321–353. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2017-0020.r2.
19.
HarrisJ. C.KarunaratneN.GutzwaJ. A. (2021). Effective modalities for healing from campus sexual assault: Centering the experiences of women of color undergraduate student survivors. Harvard Educational Review, 91(2), 248–272. https://doi.org/10.17763/1943-5045-91.2.248
20.
HartT.RennisonC. (2003). Reporting crime to the police, 1992-2000. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
21.
HenryW. J. (2009). The effects of sexual assault on the identity development of Black College Women. Michigan Journal of Counseling, 36(2), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.22237/mijoc/1251763380
22.
Ingersoll-DaytonB. (2011). The development of culturally-sensitive measures for research on ageing. Ageing and Society, 31(3), 355–370. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X10000917
23.
KrebsC. P.BarrickK.LindquistC. H.CrosbyC. M.BoydC.BoganY. (2011). The sexual assault of undergraduate women at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(18), 3640–3666. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511403759
24.
KruegerR. A.CaseyM. A. (2009). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
25.
LindquistC.BarrickK.KrebsC.CrosbyC.LockardA.SandersK. (2013). The context and consequences of sexual assault among undergraduate women at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(12), 2437–2461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513479032
26.
LindquistC. H.CrosbyC. M.BarrickK.KrebsC. P.Settles-ReavesB. (2016). Disclosure of sexual assault experiences among undergraduate women at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Journal of American College Health, 64(6), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1181635
27.
MarsigliaF. F.BoothJ. M. (2015). Cultural adaptation of interventions in real practice settings. Research on Social Work Practice, 25(4), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731514535989
28.
MellinsC. A.WalshK.SarvetA. L.WallM.GilbertL.SantelliJ. S.ThompsonM.WilsonP. A.KhanS.BensonS.BahK.KaufmanK. A.ReardonL.HirschJ. S. (2017). Sexual assault incidents among college undergraduates: Prevalence and factors associated with risk. PloS one, 12(11), e0186471. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186471
29.
MessingJ. T.Amanor-BoaduY.CavanaughC. E.GlassN. E.CampbellJ. C. (2013). Culturally competent intimate partner violence risk assessment: Adapting the danger assessment for immigrant women. Social Work Research, 37(3), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svt019
30.
MorrisonS.HardisonJ.MathewA.O'NeilJ. (2004). An evidence-based review of sexual assault preventive intervention programs. Report #207262. Department of Justice, USA.
31.
MuehlenhardC. L.PetersonZ. D.HumphreysT. P.JozkowskiK. N. (2017). Evaluating the one-in-five statistic: Women's risk of sexual assault while in college. Journal of Sex Research, 54(4-5), 549–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1295014
32.
O’BrienJ.EvansJ.HeatonL.HylandS.WeinerD. (2021). Elevating culturally specific evidence based practices. Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago.
33.
O’BrienJ. E.MacyR. J. (2016). Culturally specific interventions for female survivors of gender-based violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 31, 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.07.005
34.
OrchowskiL. M.GidyczC. A.RaffleH. (2008). Evaluation of a sexual assault risk reduction and self-defense program: A prospective analysis of a revised protocol. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(2), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00425.x
35.
PalmerJ.St. VilN. M. (2018). Sexual assault disclosure by college women at historically Black colleges and universities and predominantly White institutions. NASPA Journal About Women in Higher Education, 11(1), 33–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407882.2017.1367696
36.
ParksK. A.Levonyan-RadloffK.DearingR. L.HequembourgA.TestaM. (2016). Development and validation of a video measure for assessing women’s risk perception for alcohol-related sexual assault. Psychology of Violence, 6(4), 573–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039846
37.
ParksK. A.RomoszA. M.BradizzaC. M.HsiehY. P. (2008). A dangerous transition: Women's drinking and related victimization from high school to the first year at college. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(1), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2008.69.65
38.
ParksK.St. VilN.BradizzaC. (June, 2020). The moderating role of comfort on the relation between race and perception of risk cues for alcohol-related sexual assault. Poster presented at the Virtual Research Society on Alcoholism Annual Meeting.
39.
RosenbergL.Adams-CampbellL.PalmerJ. R. (1995). The Black Women's Health Study: A follow-up study for causes and preventions of illness. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association (1972), 50(2), 56–58.
40.
RothmanE.SilvermanJ. (2007). The effect of a college sexual assault prevention program on first-year students’ victimization rates. Journal of American College Health, 55(5), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.5.283-290
41.
RoweL. S.JourilesE. N.McDonaldR.PlattC. G.GomezG. S. (2012). Enhancing women's resistance to sexual coercion: A randomized controlled trial of the DATE program. Journal of American College Health, 60(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2011.587068
42.
SennC. Y.EliasziwM.BarataP. C.ThurstonW. E.Newby-ClarkI. R.RadtkeH. L.HobdenK. L. (2015). Efficacy of a sexual assault resistance program for university women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372(24), 2326–2335. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1411131
43.
SennC. Y.EliasziwM.HobdenK. L.Newby-ClarkI. R.BarataP. C.RadtkeH. L.ThurstonW. E. (2017). Secondary and 2-year outcomes of a sexual assault resistance program for university women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 41(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684317690119
44.
St. VilN. M.SperlichM.FitzpatricJ.BascugE.ElliottJ. (2022). “I thought it was normal”: Perspectives of Black nursing students from high-risk IPV communities on causes and solutions to IPV in the Black community. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(13-14), NP12260–NP12283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521997939
45.
TestaM.ParksK. A. (1996). The role of women's alcohol consumption in sexual victimization. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1(3), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-1789(95)00017-8
46.
TestaM.Vanzile-TamsenC.LivingstonJ. A. (2004). The role of victim and perpetrator intoxication on sexual assault outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65(3), 320–329. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2004.65.320
WallerB. Y.Bent-GoodleyT. B. (2023). “I have to fight to get out”: African American women intimate partner violence survivors’ construction of agency. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(3-4), 4166–4188. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221113008
49.
WestC. M.JonnsonK. (2013). Sexual violence in the lives of African American women. VAWnet, a project of the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence/Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Harrisburg, PA.
50.
WilfredS. A.LundgrenJ. D. (2021). The double consciousness body image scale: A body image assessment centering the experiences of black women. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(10), 1771–1781. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23581
51.
WiseblattA. F.TestaM.ReadJ. P. (2025). Do risk factors for incapacitated and other sexual assault differ for black and white college women? A preliminary investigation. Violence Against Women, 31(2), 617–636. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012231216717
