This study explores how patriarchal family dynamics influence cyberstalking behavior toward opposite-sex partners on social media, considering gender differences. Traditional criminological perspectives suggest that patriarchal factors primarily explain men's crimes against women, but we argue that these influences extend to women as well. Examining fixation and stalking peers, we find significant interactions with patriarchal influence across genders. Analysis of 200 college social networking sites users in Seoul reveals patriarchal family dynamics significantly impact cyberstalking behaviors for both genders, with notable gender-specific interaction effects. This study sheds light on the nuanced role of patriarchal family dynamics in cyberstalking behaviors.
AgnewR. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology; An Interdisciplinary Journal, 30(1), 47–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
2.
AgnewR. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Roxbury.
3.
AkersR. L. (1985). Deviant behavior: A social learning approach (2nd ed.). Wadsworth.
4.
BennettD.GuranE.RamosM.MargolinG. (2011). College students’ electronic victimization in friendships and dating relationships: Anticipated distress and associations with risky behaviors. Violence and Victims, 26(4), 410–429. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.4.410
5.
BlackwellB. S.PiqueroA. R. (2005). On the relationships between gender, power control, self-control, and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.10.001
6.
BocijP. (2006). Cyberstalking: Harassment in the internet age and how to protect your family. Praeger.
7.
BogradM.YlloK. (1988). Feminist perspectives on wife abuse. Sage.
8.
BorrajoE.Gamez-GuadixM.PeredaN. (2015). The development and validation of the cyber dating abuse questionnaire among young couples. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 358–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.063
9.
BotchkovarE. V.HughesL. A. (2010). Strain and alcohol use in Russia: A gendered analysis. Sociological Perspectives, 53(3), 297–319. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2010.53.3.297
10.
BrewsterM. P. (2003). Power and control dynamics in prestalking and stalking situations. Journal of Family Violence, 18(4), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024064214054
11.
Chesney-LindM. (1997). The female offender: Girls, women, and crime. Sage Publications.
12.
ChoY. O. (2013). Gender differences in prevalence and predictors of school violence. Journal of Youth Welfare, 15(1), 155–179.
13.
CreamerC. J.HandJ. (2022). Intimate partner stalking/pursuit: A pathophysiology of attachment style. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 66(5), 604–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X211010289
14.
CurryT.ZavalaE. (2020). A multi-theoretical perspective on cyber dating abuse victimization and perpetration within intimate relationships: A test of general strain, social learning, and self-control theories. Victims and Offenders, 15(4), 499–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2020.1734996
15.
DavisK. E.AceA.AndraM. (2000). Stalking perpetrators and psychological maltreatment of partners. Violence and Victims, 15(4), 473–488. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.15.4.473
16.
DeansH.BhogalM. S. (2019). Perpetrating cyber dating abuse: A brief report on the role of aggression, romantic jealousy and gender. Current Psychology, 38(5), 1077–1082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9715-4
17.
DobashR. E.DobashR. P. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against patriarchy. Free Press.
18.
DukesR. L.SteinJ. A.ZaneJ. I. (2010). Gender differences in the relative impact of physical and relational bullying on adolescent injury and weapon carrying. Journal of School Psychology, 48(6), 511–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2010.08.001
19.
DuttonM. A.GoodmanL. A. (2005). Coercion in intimate partner violence: Toward a new conceptualization. Sex Roles, 52(11–12), 743–756. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-4196-6
20.
DuttonL. B.WinsteadB. A. (2006). Predicting unwanted pursuit: Attachment, relationship satisfaction, relationship alternatives, and break-up distress. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23(4), 565–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407506065984
21.
ElsaesserC.RussellB.OhannessianC. M.PattonD. (2017). Parenting in a digital age: A review of parents’ role in preventing adolescent cyberbullying. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 35, 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.004
22.
FisselE.FisherN.NedelecJ. (2021). Cyberstalking perpetration among young adults: An assessment of the effects of low self-control and moral disengagement. Crime and Delinquency, 67(12), 1935–1961. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128721989079
23.
FollingstadD. R.BradleyR. G.HelffC. M.LaughlinJ. E. (2002). A model for predicting dating violence: Anxious attachment, angry temperament, and need for relationship control. Violence and Victims, 17(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.17.1.35.33639
24.
FoxK. A.NoblesM. R.AkersR. L. (2011). Is stalking a learned phenomenon? An empirical test of social learning theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.10.002
25.
GiordanoP. C.JohnsonW. L.ManningW. D. (2016). Parenting in adolescence and young adult intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Issues, 37(4), 443–465. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13520156
26.
GrasmickH. G.HaganJ.BlackwellB. S.ArneklevB. K. (1996). Risk preferences and patriarchy: Extending power-control theory. Social Forces, 75(1), 177–199. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580761
27.
GrychJ. H.KinsfogelK. M. (2010). Exploring the role of attachment style in the relation between family aggression and abuse in adolescent dating relationships. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 19(6), 624–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2010.502068
28.
HadjarA.BaierD.BoehnkeK.HaganJ. (2007). Juvenile delinquency and gender revisited: The family and power-control theory reconceived. European Journal of Criminology, 4(1), 33–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370807071729
29.
HaganJ. (1987). Class in the household: A power-control theory of gender and delinquency. American Journal of Sociology, 92(4), 788–816. https://doi.org/10.1086/228583
30.
KinsfogelK. M.GrychJ. H. (2004). Interparental conflict and adolescent dating relationships: Integrating, cognitive, emotional and peer influence. Journal of Family Psychology, 18(3), 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.18.3.505
31.
KitzmannK. M. (2000). Effects of marital conflict on subsequent triadic family interactions and parenting. Developmental Psychology, 36(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.3
32.
LavoieF.HerbertM.TremblyR.VitaroF.VézinaL.McDuffP. (2002). History of family dysfunction and perpetration of dating violence by adolescent boys: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30(5), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00347-6
33.
LeeS.-S. (2011). Patriarchy families, differential socialization and delinquency: A gender difference. Studies on Korean Youth, 22(3), 97–117.
34.
LiC. K. W.HoltT. J.BosslerA. M.MayD. C. (2016). Examining the mediating effects of social learning on the low self-control-cyberbullying relationship in a youth sample. Deviant Behavior, 37(2), 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2014.1004023
35.
MahalikJ.AldarondoE.Gilbert-GokhaleS.ShoreE. (2005). The role of insecure attachment and gender role stress in predicting controlling behavior in men who batter. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(5), 617–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504269688
36.
MarcumC. D.HigginsG. E.NicholsonJ. (2017). I’am watching you: Cyberstalking behaviors of university students in romantic relationships. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(2), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-016-9358-2
37.
MarcumC. D.HigginsG. E.RickettsM. L. (2014). Juveniles and cyber stalking in the United Sates: An analysis of theoretical predictors of patterns of online perpetration. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 8(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-013-9217-3
38.
MeloyJ. R.BoydC. (2003). Female stalkers and their victims. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 31(2), 211–219.
39.
MesserschmidtJ. W. (1986). Capitalism, patriarchy and crime: Toward a socialist feminist criminology. Rowman and Littlefield.
40.
MorashM.MoonB. (2007). Gender differences in the effects of strain on the delinquency of south Korean youth. Youth and Society, 38(3), 300–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X06287861
41.
Muniz-RivasD.VeraM.Povedano-DiazA. (2019). Parental style, dating violence and gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), Article 2722. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152722
42.
NavarroJ. N.MarcumC. D.HigginsG. E.RickettsM. L. (2016). Addicted to the thrill of the virtual hunt: Examining the effects of internet addiction on the cyberstalking behavior of juveniles. Deviant Behavior, 37(8), 893–903. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1153366
43.
PaleariF. G.CelsiL.GalatiD.PivettiM. (2022). Gender differences in the associations between perceived parenting styles and young adults’ cyber dating abuse. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.818607
44.
PattonC. L.NoblesM. R.FoxK. A. (2010). Look who's stalking: Obsessive pursuit and attachment theory. Journal of Clinical Justice, 38(3), 282–290.
45.
PiqueroN. L.GoverM.MacdonaldJ.PiqueroA. (2005). The influence of delinquent peers on delinquency: Does gender matters? Youth and Society, 36, 251–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X04265652
46.
PurcellR.PatheM.MullenP. (2010). Gender differences in stalking behavior among juveniles. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 21(4), 555–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940903572035
47.
ReynsB. W.HensonB.FisherB. S. (2012). Stalking in the twilight zone: Extent of cyberstalking victimization and offending among college students. Deviant Behavior, 33(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2010.538364
48.
RussellB. L.TriggK. Y. (2004). Tolerance of sexual harassment: An examination of gender differences, ambivalent sexism, social dominance, and gender roles. Sex Roles, 50(7/8), 565–573. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023075.32252.fd
49.
SheridanL. P.NorthA. A.ScottA. (2014). Experiences of stalking in same-sex and opposite-sex contexts. Violence and Victims, 29(6), 1014–1028. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00072
50.
SpitzbergB. H.CupachW. R. (2014). The dark side of relationship pursuit: From attraction to obsession and stalking. Routlege.
51.
StarkE. (2007). Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life. Oxford University Press.
52.
StithS. E.SmithD. B.PennC. E.WardD. B.TrittD. (2004). Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(1), 65–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2003.09.001
53.
SutherlandE. H. (1947). Principles of criminology. Lippincott.
54.
TokunagaR. S. (2011). Social networking site or social surveillance site? Understanding the use of interpersonal electronic surveillance in romantic relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 705–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.014
Toplu-DemirtasE.Akcabozan-KayabolN. B.Araci-IyiadinA.FinchamF. D. (2022). Unraveling the roles of distrust, suspicion of infidelity, and jealousy in cyber dating abuse perpetration: An attachment theory perspective. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(3-4), 1432–1462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520927505
57.
WarM.StaffordM. (1991). The influence of delinquent peer: What they think or what they do?Criminology, 29, 851–866. https://doi.org/10.1 1111/j.1745-9125.1991.tb01090.x
58.
WooA. M.ParkJ.JungT. Y. (2008). A search for components of limerence and its mediation effects in romantic relationships. The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 13(4), 521–546. https://doi.org/10.18205/kpa.2008.13.4.007
59.
ZimmermanG. M.MessnerS. F. (2010). Neighborhood context and the gender gap in adolescent violent crime. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 958–980. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410386688
