The main aim of this paper was to perform a secondary analysis of a dataset of migrant women in Spain to determine relationships between different types of intimate partner violence (IPV) and psychiatric symptoms, as well as core symptoms within IPV dimensions. The Cyber Aggression item “Sent messages that were threatening or harassing” (Cyber.10) was centrally situated across many measures, having a betweenness of 2.607, a closeness of 2.464, and a strength of 1.513. The research demonstrated how the relationship between multiple IPV and mental health disorders among Spanish migrant women is very multifactorial.
AbdelrahmanR. M.AhmedM.TayimN.KordbagheriM. (2024). Identification of the core characteristics of vulnerable/hypersensitive narcissism and its association with the dark triad in a large international sample: A network analysis study. Psychiatric Quarterly, 95(3), 415–431.
2.
AdamsA. E.SullivanC. M.BybeeD.GreesonM. R. (2008). Development of the scale of economic abuse. Violence Against Women, 14(5), 563–588.
3.
AhmadabadiZ.NajmanJ. M.WilliamsG. M.ClavarinoA. M.d’AbbsP.TranN. (2020). Intimate partner violence and subsequent depression and anxiety disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55, 611–620.
4.
Al-SalmiS.AlyF. W.NajeebF. S. N.ShaikhZ.ZuaiterF.DohertyS.SefenJ. A. N. (2024). Scoping review of healthcare professionals’ views on intimate partner violence in the Middle East and North Africa. BMJ Open, 14(8), e079866. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079866
5.
BeardC.MillnerA. J.ForgeardM. J.FriedE. I.HsuK. J.TreadwayM. T.LeonardC. V.KertzS.BjörgvinssonT. (2016). Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptom relationships in a psychiatric sample. Psychological Medicine, 46(16), 3359–3369.
6.
BentleyA.Riutort-MayolG. (2023). The association between intimate partner violence type and mental health in migrant women living in Spain: Findings from a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1307841.
7.
BorrajoE.Gamez-GuadixM. (2016). Cyber dating abuse: Its link to depression, anxiety and dyadic adjustment. Behavioral Psychology-Psicologia Conductual, 24(2), 221–235.
8.
BorrajoEGámez-GuadixM.CalveteE (2015). Cyber Dating Abuse: Prevalence, Context, and Relationship with Offline Dating Aggression. Psychological Reports, 116(2), 565–585. https://doi.org/10.2466/21.16.PR0.116k22w4
9.
Bou MalhabS.SacreH.MalaebD.LahoudN.KhachmanD.AzziJ.HaddadC.SalamehP. (2021). Factors related to autonomy among Lebanese women: A web-based cross-sectional study. BMC Women’s Health, 21(1), 369.
10.
BovaR.LusardiR. (2022). The mental health of migrant people: Western medical systems facing a globalized society. Sociology Compass, 16(10), e13036.
11.
BryantR. A.CreamerM.O’DonnellM.ForbesD.McFarlaneA. C.SiloveD.Hadzi-PavlovicD. (2017). Acute and chronic posttraumatic stress symptoms in the emergence of posttraumatic stress disorder: A network analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(2), 135–142.
12.
CaiH.BaiW.LiuH.ChenX.QiH.LiuR.CheungT.SuZ.LinJ.TangY.-l. (2022). Network analysis of depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescents during the later stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Translational Psychiatry, 12(1), 98.
13.
CampbellJ.JonesA. S.DienemannJ.KubJ.SchollenbergerJ.O’CampoP.GielenA. C.WynneC. (2002). Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162(10), 1157–1163.
14.
CantuJ. I.CharakR. (2022). Unique, additive, and interactive effects of types of intimate partner cybervictimization on depression in Hispanic emerging adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1-2), NP375–NP399.
15.
CarranzaA. B.WallisC. R. D.JonnsonM. R.KlonskyE. D.WalshZ. (2022). Nonsuicidal self-injury and intimate partner violence: Directionality of violence and motives for self-injury. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(3–4), 1688–1707. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520922372
16.
CaseyE. A.BeadnellB. (2010). The structure of male adolescent peer networks and risk for intimate partner violence perpetration: Findings from a national sample. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 620–633.
17.
ChoyB.ArunachalamK.GuptaS.TaylorM.LeeA. (2021). Systematic review: Acculturation strategies and their impact on the mental health of migrant populations. Public Health in Practice, 2, 100069.
18.
CripeS. M.SanchezS. E.GelayeB.SanchezE.WilliamsM. A. (2011). Association between intimate partner violence, migraine and probable migraine. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 51(2), 208–219.
19.
DavoudiM.AbdelrahmanR. M.AhmedM.SalekfardS. V. (2024a). How internalizing and externalizing symptoms related to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder? A network analysis study. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06393-8
20.
DavoudiM.PourshahbazA.DolatshahiB.Nazeri AstanehA. (2024b). A network analysis study to evaluate obsessive-compulsive beliefs/dimensions and personality beliefs in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): A cross-sectional study in two common OCD subtypes. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 19(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v19i1.14337
21.
De JongheE. S.BogatG. A.LevendoskyA. A.EyeA. (2008). Women survivors of intimate partner violence and post-traumatic stress disorder: Prediction and prevention. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 54(4), 294–300. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.41435.
22.
DevriesK. M.MakJ. Y.BacchusL. JChildJ. C.FalderG.PetzoldM.AstburyJ.WattsC. H.TsaiA. C. (2013). Intimate Partner Violence and Incident Depressive Symptoms and Suicide Attempts: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. PLoS Medicine, 10(5), e1001439. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001439
23.
DiestelA. J.PriceM.HidalgoJ. E.ContractorA. A.GrassoD. J. (2023). Linkages between childhood maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in pregnant Hispanic women: A network analysis. Child Maltreatment, 28(2), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595221092948
24.
DrouinM.RossJ.TobinE. (2015). Sexting: A new, digital vehicle for intimate partner aggression?Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 197–204.
25.
DworkinE. R.MenonS. V.BystrynskiJ.AllenN. E. (2017). Sexual assault victimization and psychopathology: A review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.06.002
26.
EpskampS.BorsboomD.FriedE. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1
27.
FriedE. I.EpskampS.NesseR. M.TuerlinckxF.BorsboomD. (2016). What are “good” depression symptoms? Comparing the centrality of DSM and non-DSM symptoms of depression in a network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 189, 314–320.
28.
GonçalvesM.MatosM. (2016). Prevalence of violence against immigrant women: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Family Violence, 31, 697–710.
29.
GreenawayC.SandoeA.VissandjeeB.KitaiI.GrunerD.WobeserW.PottieK.UeffingE.MenziesD.SchwartzmanK., & Canadian Collaboration for Immigrant and Refugee Health (2011). Tuberculosis: evidence review for newly arriving immigrants and refugees. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(12), E939–E951.
30.
Guillot-WrightS.CherryhomesE.WangL.OvercashM. (2022). Systems and subversion: A review of structural violence and im/migrant health. Current Opinion in Psychology, 47, 101431.
31.
HaslbeckJ.WaldorpL.Mgm: Structure estimation for time-varying mixed graphical models in high-dimensional data. arXiv 2016. arXiv preprint arXiv:1510.06871.
32.
HenryNPowellA (2018). Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence: A Literature Review of Empirical Research. Trauma, violence & abuse, 19(2), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016650189
33.
HerbertA.HeronJ.BarnesM.BarterC.FederG.MeghrawiK.SzilassyE.FraserA.HoweL. D. (2022). Exploring the causal role of intimate partner violence and abuse on depressive symptoms in young adults: A population-based cohort study. BMC Medicine, 20(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02182-3
34.
JonesP.JonesM. P. (2018). Package ‘networktools’. In: CRAN-R.
35.
JuradoD.AlarcónR. D.Martínez-OrtegaJ. M.Mendieta-MarichalY.Gutiérrez-RojasL.GurpeguiM. (2017). Factors associated with psychological distress or common mental disorders in migrant populations across the world. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition), 10(1), 45–58.
36.
LeisringP. A. (2019). Cyberbullying in romantic relationships: A review of research in the United States. Cyberbullying in Schools, Workplaces, and Romantic Relationships, 135–149.
37.
LöweB.UnützerJ.CallahanC. M.PerkinsA. J.KroenkeK. (2004). Monitoring depression treatment outcomes with the patient health questionnaire-9. Medical Care, 42(12), 1194–1201.
38.
ManeaL.GilbodyS.McMillanD. (2015). A diagnostic meta-analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression. General Hospital Psychiatry, 37(1), 67–75.
39.
MarcumC. D.HigginsG. E.NicholsonJ. (2017). I’m Watching You: Cyberstalking Behaviors of University Students in Romantic Relationships. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(2), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-016-9358-2
40.
McManusS.WalbyS.BarbosaE. C.ApplebyL.BrughaT.BebbingtonP. E.CookE. A.KnipeD. (2022). Intimate partner violence, suicidality, and self-harm: A probability sample survey of the general population in England. The Lancet Psychiatry, 9(7), 574–583.
41.
McNallyR. J. (2021). Network analysis of psychopathology: Controversies and challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17(1), 31–53.
42.
MorianaJ. A.Jurado-GonzálezF. J.García-TorresF.ContrerasA.Muñoz-NavarroR.González-BlanchC.MedranoL. A.Ruiz-RodríguezP.Cano-VindelA. (2022). Exploring the structure of the GAD-7 scale in primary care patients with emotional disorders: A network analysis approach. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 283–297.
43.
OlatunjiB. O.LevinsonC.CalebsB. (2018). A network analysis of eating disorder symptoms and characteristics in an inpatient sample. Psychiatry Research, 262, 270–281.
44.
OramS.FisherH. L.MinnisH.SeedatS.WalbyS.HegartyK.RoufK.AngénieuxC.CallardF.ChandraP. S. (2022). The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on intimate partner violence and mental health: Advancing mental health services, research, and policy. The Lancet Psychiatry, 9(6), 487–524.
45.
PaatY.-F. (2014). Risk and resilience of immigrant women in intimate partner violence. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 24(7), 725–740.
46.
PallatinoC.ChangJ. C.KransE. E. (2021). The intersection of intimate partner violence and substance use among women with opioid use disorder. Substance Abuse, 42(2), 197–204.
47.
PostmusJ. L.HogeG. L.BreckenridgeJ.Sharp-JeffsN.ChungD. (2020). Economic abuse as an invisible form of domestic violence: A multicountry review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(2), 261–283.
48.
PostmusJ. L.PlummerS. B.McMahonS.MurshidN. S.KimM. S. (2012). Understanding economic abuse in the lives of survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(3), 411–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511421669
49.
ProsmanG.-J.JansenS. J.Lo Fo WongS. H.Lagro-JanssenA. L. (2011). Prevalence of intimate partner violence among migrant and native women attending general practice and the association between intimate partner violence and depression. Family Practice, 28(3), 267–271.
50.
RamirezM.PaikA.SanchagrinK.HeimerK. (2012). Violent peers, network centrality, and intimate partner violence perpetration by young men. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(5), 503–509.
ReedL. A.TolmanR. M.WardL. M. (2017). Gender matters: Experiences and consequences of digital dating abuse victimization in adolescent dating relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 59, 79–89.
53.
ReesS.MohsinM.MoussaB.FisherJ.SteelZ.NadarN.HassounF.KhalilB.YoussefM.KrishnaY. (2022). Cohort profile: Intimate partner violence and mental health among women from refugee background and a comparison group of Australian-born–the WATCH cohort study. BMJ Open, 12(5), e051887.
54.
RheeS. L.SilverT. (2024). Mental health, race, and social support among women survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8862605241270072. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241270072
55.
SabriB.NnawuleziN.Njie-CarrV. P.MessingJ.Ward-LasherA.AlvarezC.CampbellJ. C. (2018). Multilevel risk and protective factors for intimate partner violence among African, Asian, and Latina immigrant and refugee women: Perceptions of effective safety planning interventions. Race and Social Problems, 10, 348–365.
56.
SatyenL.PiedraS.RanganathanA.GolluccioN. (2018). Intimate partner violence and help-seeking behavior among migrant women in Australia. Journal of Family Violence, 33, 447–456.
57.
SchmittmannV. D.CramerA. O.WaldorpL. J.EpskampS.KievitR. A.BorsboomD. (2013). Deconstructing the construct: A network perspective on psychological phenomena. New Ideas in Psychology, 31(1), 43–53.
58.
Sharp-JeffsN. (2015). A review of research and policy on financial abuse within intimate partner relationships. Project Report. London Metropolitan University/Refuge.
59.
SlupskaJ.TanczerL. M. (2021). Threat modeling intimate partner violence: Tech abuse as a cybersecurity challenge in the internet of things. In: The Emerald international handbook of technology-facilitated violence and abuse (pp. 663–688). Emerald Publishing Limited.
60.
StarkE. (2007). Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life. Oxford University Press.
61.
StylianouA. M. (2018). Economic abuse within intimate partner violence: A review of the literature. Violence & Victims, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.33.1.3
62.
TuX.LouC. (2017). Risk factors associated with current intimate partner violence at individual and relationship levels: A cross-sectional study among married rural migrant women in Shanghai, China. BMJ open, 7(4), e012264.
63.
Van OuytselJ.WalraveM.PonnetK.HeirmanW. (2015). The association between adolescent sexting, psychosocial difficulties, and risk behavior: Integrative review. The Journal of School Nursing, 31(1), 54–69.
64.
WangN.ChungM. C.ZhangJ.FangS. (2022). Network analysis on the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, psychiatric co-morbidity and posttraumatic growth among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 309, 461–470.
65.
WangX.MatoneM.GarciaS. M.KellomK. S.MarshallD.UgarteA.NyachogoM.BristowS.CronholmP. F. (2024). A social network analysis of a multi-sector service system for intimate partner violence in a large US city. Journal of Prevention, 45(3), 357–376.
66.
WatkinsL. E.MaldonadoR. C.DiLilloD. (2018). The cyber aggression in relationships scale: A new multidimensional measure of technology-based intimate partner aggression. Assessment, 25(5), 608–626.
67.
WeingartenC.WuA.GatesK.CarreñoP.BakerC. (2018). The association between electronic and in-person dating violence victimization, anxiety, and depression among college students in Hawai'i. Partner Abuse, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.9.4.313
68.
WhiteS. J.SinJ.SweeneyA.SalisburyT.WahlichC.Montesinos GuevaraC. M.GillardS.BrettE.AllwrightL.IqbalN. (2024). Global prevalence and mental health outcomes of intimate partner violence among women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(1), 494–511.
WuY.DuanZ. (2015). Social network analysis of international scientific collaboration on psychiatry research. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 9, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-9-2
72.
YauJ. H.-Y.WongJ. Y.-H.FongD. Y.-T. (2021). Economic abuse as a form of intimate partner violence: A literature review of the instruments and mental well-being outcomes. Violence and Victims, 36(4), 479–492.
73.
ZiolaE. A.GimenezM. A.StevensonA. P.NewberryJ. A. (2024). The role of emergency medicine in intimate partner violence: A scoping review of screening, survivor resources, and barriers. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 15248380241265383. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380241265383
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
