Association Between Emotional Intimate Partner Violence Around the Time of Pregnancy and Postpartum Contraceptive Use: Results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System 2016

Abstract

This study assessed the relationships between emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) before, during, and after pregnancy and postpartum contraceptive use. We used 2016–2021 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data from seven sites (n = 30,125). We used multivariable logistic regression to assess indicators of emotional IPV and provider counseling associated with postpartum contraceptive use. Emotional IPV 12 months before, during, and after pregnancy were all significantly associated with reduced odds of postpartum contraceptive use. Strengthening postpartum contraceptive services by integrating IPV prevention into care is an opportunity to improve the health of postpartum people.

Keywords

intimate partner violence postpartum family planning maternal health pregnancy

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2012). Committee Opinion No. 518: Intimate partner violence. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 119(No. 2 Part 1), 412–417. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e318249ff74

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2018). Committee Opinion No. 736. Optimizing postpartum care. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 131(5), e140–e150. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002633

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2019). Obstetric Care Consensus No. 8. Interpregnancy care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 133(1), e51–e72. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003025

Breiding

M. J.

Basile

K. C.

Smith

S. G.

Black

M. C.

Mahendra

R. R.

(2015). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements, Version 2.0 . National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Cha

Chapman

D. A.

Wan

Burton

C. W.

Masho

S. W.

(2015). Intimate partner violence and postpartum contraceptive use: The role of race/ethnicity and prenatal birth control counseling. Contraception, 92(3), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2015.04.009

Conde-Agudelo

Rosas-Bermúdez

Kafury-Goeta

A. C.

(2006). Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 295(15), 1809–1823. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.295.15.1809

Curry

S. J.

Krist

A. H.

Owens

D. K.

Barry

M. J.

Caughey

A. B.

Davidson

K. W.

Doubeni

C. A.

Epling

J. W.

Jr. Grossman

D. C.

Kemper

A. R.

Kubik

Kurth

Landefeld

C. S.

Mangione

C. M.

Silverstein

Simon

M. A.

Tseng

C. W.

Wong

J. B.

(2018). Screening for intimate partner violence, elder abuse, and abuse of vulnerable adults: US Preventive Services Task Force final recommendation statement. JAMA, 320(16), 1678–1687. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14741

D'Angelo

D. V.

Bombard

J. M.

Lee

R. D.

Kortsmit

Kapaya

Fasula

(2022). Prevalence of experiencing physical, emotional, and sexual violence by a current intimate partner during pregnancy: Population-based estimates from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Journal of Family Violence, 38(1), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-022-00356-y

Fuentes-Afflick

Hessol

N. A.

(2000). Interpregnancy interval and the risk of premature infants. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 95(3), 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00583-9

10.

Furniss

McCaffrey

Parnell

Rovi

(2007). Nurses and barriers to screening for intimate partner violence. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 32(4), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.Nmc.0000281964.45905.89

11.

Gavin

Moskosky

Carter

Curtis

Glass

Godfrey

Marcell

Mautone-Smith

Pazol

Tepper

Zapata

(2014). Providing quality family planning services: Recommendations of CDC and the U.S. Office of Population Affairs. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(RR04), 1–29.

12.

Gemmill

Lindberg

L. D.

(2013). Short interpregnancy intervals in the United States. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 122(1), 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182955e58

13.

Grace

K. T.

Anderson

J. C.

(2018). Reproductive coercion: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 19(4), 371–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016663935

14.

Jewkes

(2010). Emotional abuse: A neglected dimension of partner violence. Lancet, 376(9744), 851–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61079-3

15.

Khoshnood

Lee

K. S.

Wall

Hsieh

H. L.

Mittendorf

(1998). Short interpregnancy intervals and the risk of adverse birth outcomes among five racial/ethnic groups in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148(8), 798–805. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009701

16.

Lévesque

Rousseau

Dumerchat

(2021). Influence of the relational context on reproductive coercion and the associated consequences. Violence Against Women, 27(6-7), 828–850. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220917454

17.

Malarcher

, & World Health Organization. (2010). Social determinants of sexual and reproductive health: Informing future research and programme implementation. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44344

18.

McMahon

Huang

C.-C.

Boxer

Postmus

J. L.

(2011). The impact of emotional and physical violence during pregnancy on maternal and child health at one year post-partum. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(11), 2103–2111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.06.001

19.

Miller

Decker

M. R.

McCauley

H. L.

Tancredi

D. J.

Levenson

R. R.

Waldman

Schoenwald

Silverman

J. G.

(2010). Pregnancy coercion, intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy. Contraception, 81(4), 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2009.12.004

20.

Niolon

P. H.

Kearns

Dills

Rambo

Irving

Armstead

Gilbert

(2017). Preventing intimate partner violence across the lifespan: A technical package of programs, policies, and practices. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ipv-technicalpackages.pdf

21.

Richards

N. K.

Morley

C. P.

Wojtowycz

M. A.

Bevec

Levandowski

B. A.

(2022). Use of open-text responses to recode categorical survey data on postpartum contraception use among women in the United States: A mixed-methods inquiry of Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data. PLoS Medicine, 19(1), Article e1003878. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003878

22.

Rosenfeld

E. A.

Miller

Zhao

Sileanu

F. E.

Mor

M. K.

Borrero

(2018). Male partner reproductive coercion among women veterans. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218(2), 239.e1–239.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.10.015

23.

Rowan

(2016). Understanding intimate partner violence as a sexual and reproductive health and rights issue in the United States. Guttmacher Policy Review, 19, 37–45.

24.

Schummers

Hutcheon

J. A.

Hernandez-Diaz

Williams

P. L.

Hacker

M. R.

VanderWeele

T. J.

Norman

W. V.

(2018). Association of short interpregnancy interval with pregnancy outcomes according to maternal age. JAMA Internal Medicine, 178(12), 1661–1670. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4696

25.

Scribano

P. V.

Stevens

Kaizar

(2013). The effects of intimate partner violence before, during, and after pregnancy in nurse visited first time mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 17(2), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-012-0986-y

26.

Shulman

H. B.

D'Angelo

D. V.

Harrison

Smith

R. A.

Warner

(2018). The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS): Overview of design and methodology. American Journal of Public Health, 108(10), 1305–1313. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2018.304563

27.

Sprague

Madden

Simunovic

Godin

Pham

N. K.

Bhandari

Goslings

J. C.

(2012). Barriers to screening for intimate partner violence. Women & Health, 52(6), 587–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2012.690840

28.

StataCorp. (2019). Stata statistical software: Release 16. StataCorp LLC.

29.

Stevenson

A. A.

Bauman

B. L.

Zapata

L. B.

Ahluwalia

I. B.

Tepper

N. K.

(2020). Intimate partner violence around the time of pregnancy and postpartum contraceptive use. Women’s Health Issues, 30(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2019.11.006

30.

Van Horne

B. S.

Wiemann

C. M.

Berenson

A. B.

Horwitz

I. B.

Volk

R. J.

(2009). Multilevel predictors of inconsistent condom use among adolescent mothers. American Journal of Public Health, 99(Suppl 2), S417–S424. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.131870

31.

Waalen

Goodwin

M. M.

Spitz

A. M.

Petersen

Saltzman

L. E.

(2000). Screening for intimate partner violence by health care providers. Barriers and interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 19(4), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(00)00229-4

32.

Zapata

L. B.

Murtaza

Whiteman

M. K.

Jamieson

D. J.

Robbins

C. L.

Marchbanks

P. A.

D'Angelo

D. V.

Curtis

K. M.

(2015). Contraceptive counseling and postpartum contraceptive use. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 212(2), 171.e1–171.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.07.059

33.

Zhu

B. P.

(2005). Effect of interpregnancy interval on birth outcomes: Findings from three recent US studies. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 89(Suppl 1), S25–S33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.08.002

Association Between Emotional Intimate Partner Violence Around the Time of Pregnancy and Postpartum Contraceptive Use: Results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System 2016–2021

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References