Economic empowerment (EE) services promote survivors’ economic stability and well-being. A target for intervention and prevention, then, is to offer more effective EE services. The study purpose was to develop a clearer picture of what EE services agencies offer, and how prepared staff are to provide these services. We collected data from 154 providers. Survivors most requested, and agencies most frequently provided, housing services. EE services offered did not differ by agency location, staff size, or number of clients. Providers’ confidence was greater if they completed high school; their agency offered more EE services; and they completed voluntary training.
AdamsA. E.BeebleM. L. (2019). Intimate partner violence and psychological well-being: Examining the effect of economic abuse on women’s quality of life. Psychology of Violence, 9(5), 517. https://doi.org/https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/vio0000174
2.
AdamsA. E.GreesonM. R.KennedyA. C.TolmanR. M. (2013). The effects of adolescent intimate partner violence on women’s educational attainment and earnings. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(17), 3283–3300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513496895
3.
BakerC. K.BillhardtK. A.WarrenJ.RollinsC.GlassN. E. (2010). Domestic violence, housing instability, and homelessness: A review of housing policies and program practices for meeting the needs of survivors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(6), 430–439. https://doi.org/https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.avb.2010.07.005
4.
BanduraA., & National Inst of Mental Health. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc., pp. 23–28.
5.
CardenasI.JohnsonL.PostmusJ. L. (2022). Improving quality of life among Latina intimate partner violence survivors through economic empowerment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(15–16), NP14564–NP14587. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211013958
6.
ChronisterK. M.BrownC.WetterstenK. B.O’BrienK. M.BurtM.FalkensteinC.ShahaneA. A. (2009). Domestic violence survivors: Perceived career supports and barriers. Journal of Career Assessment, 17(1), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072708325858
7.
ChronisterK. M.DavidsonM. M. (2010). Promoting distributive justice for domestic violence survivors with group intervention. Special Issue of Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 35(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933921003705958
8.
ChronisterK. M.HarleyE.ArandaC.BarrL.LuginbuhlP. (2012). Community-based career counseling for women survivors of intimate partner violence: A collaborative partnership. Journal of Career Development, 39(6), 515–539. https://doi.org/https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0894845311401618
9.
ChronisterK. M.LuginbuhlP.NgoC.Downey-McCarthyR.WangJ.BarrL.ArandaC.HarleyE. (2018). The individual career counseling needs and experiences of female survivors of partner violence. Journal of Employment Counseling, 55(2), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/joec.12077
10.
ChronisterK. M.McWhirterE. H. (2003). Women, domestic violence, and career counseling: An application of social cognitive career theory. Journal of Counseling and Development, 81(4), 418–425. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00268.x
11.
ChronisterK. M.McWhirterE. H. (2006). An experimental examination of two career counseling programs for battered women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(2), 151–164.
12.
ChronisterK. M.RaoK.WilliamsL.WoodleeK.LinvilleD.WoodsC. C. R.FelipeL. (2021). Family and friend responses to Filipino loved ones experiencing partner abuse. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000213
13.
DavidsonM. M.NitzelC.DukeA.BakerC. M.BovairdJ. A. (2012). Advancing career counseling and employment support for survivors: An intervention evaluation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(2), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027965
14.
DoyleK.GuerraP.PassiS. (2021). Prioritizing financial security in the movement to end IPV: A Roadmap, FreeFrom. https://bit.ly/PFS-report.
GoodmanL. A.BarnyardV.WoulfeJ.AshS.MatternG. (2016). Bringing a network-oriented approach to domestic violence services: A focus group exploration of promising practices. Violence Against Women, 22(1), 64–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215599080
17.
GoodmanL. A.EpsteinD. (2008). Listening to battered women: A survivor-centered approach to advocacy, mental health, and justice. American Psychological Association.
18.
HahnS. A.PostmusJ. L. (2014). Economic empowerment of impoverished IPV survivors: A review of best practice literature and implications for policy. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 15(2), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838013511541
19.
IBM Corp. Released. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. (Version 22.0) [Computer software]. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
20.
JeffreyN. K.BarataP. C. (2017). When social assistance reproduces social inequality: Intimate partner violence survivors’ adverse experiences with subsidized housing. Housing Studies, 32(7), 912–930. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2017.1291912
21.
KleinL. B.ChesworthB. R.Howland-MyersJ. R.RizoC. F.MacyR. J. (2021). Housing interventions for intimate partner violence survivors: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(2), 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019836284
22.
KutinJ.RussellR.ReidM. (2017). Economic abuse between intimate partners in Australia: Prevalence, health status, disability and financial stress. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 41(3), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12651
23.
KutinJ. J.ReidM.RussellR. (2018). Special WSMC edition paper: What is this thing called money? Economic abuse in young adult relationships. Journal of Social Marketing, 9(3), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSOCM-03-2018-0028
24.
LittleR. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
25.
NatalierK. (2018). State facilitated economic abuse: A structural analysis of men deliberately withholding child support. Feminist Legal Studies, 26(2), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-018-9376-1
NnawuleziN.GodsayS.SullivanC. M.MarcusS.HacskayloM. (2018). The influence of low-barrier and voluntary service policies on survivor empowerment in a domestic violence housing organization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(6), 670. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000291
30.
PetersonC.KearnsM. C.McIntoshW. L.EstefanL. F.NicolaidisC.McCollisterK. E.GordonA.FlorenceC. (2018). Lifetime economic burden of intimate partner violence among US adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 55(4), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amepre.2018.04.049
31.
PostmusJ. L.PlummerS. B.McMahonS.ZurloK. A. (2013). Financial literacy: Building economic empowerment with survivors of violence. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 34(3), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-012-9330-3
32.
R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.
33.
SandersC. K.WeaverT. L.SchnabelM. (2007). Economic education for battered women: An evaluation of outcomes. Affilia, 22(3), 240–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109907302261
34.
Silva-MartínezE.StylianouA. M.HogeG. L.PlummerS.McMahonS.PostmusJ. L. (2016). Implementing a financial management curriculum with survivors of IPV: Exploring advocates’ experiences. Affilia, 31(1), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109915608218
35.
SlatteryS. M.GoodmanL. A. (2009). Secondary traumatic stress among domestic violence advocates: Workplace risk and protective factors. Violence Against Women, 15(11), 1358–1379. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801209347469
36.
Eggers del Campo & SteinertJ. I. (2022). The effect of female economic empowerment interventions on the risk of intimate partner violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(3), 810–826. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020976088
StylianouA. M.Counselman-CarpenterE.RedcayA. (2019). Developing a financial literacy program with survivors of intimate partner violence: The voices of survivors. Social Work, 64(4), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swz034
39.
SullivanC. M.BomstaH. D.HacskayloM. A. (2019). Flexible funding as a promising strategy to prevent homelessness for survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(14), 3017–3033. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516664318
40.
SullivanC. M.López-ZerónG.BomstaH.MenardA. (2019). ‘There’s just all these moving parts:’ helping domestic violence survivors obtain housing. Clinical Social Work Journal, 47(2), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-018-0654-9
41.
TarshisS.Scott-MarshallH.AlaggiaR. (2022). An analysis of comparative perspectives on economic empowerment among employment-seeking survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) and service providers. Societies (Basel, Switzerland), 12(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12010016
42.
TierneyN.CookD. (2023). Expanding tidy data principles to facilitate missing data exploration, visualization, and assessment of imputations. Journal of Statistical Software, 105(7), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v105.i07
ValenzuelaY.ChronisterK. M.Rojas-ArauzB. (2023). Cultural adaptation of a vocational intervention for Latina immigrant partner-violence survivors [Manuscript in preparation].
45.
Voth SchragR. J.RobinsonS. R.RaviK. (2019). Understanding pathways within intimate partner violence: Economic abuse, economic hardship, and mental health. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 28(2), 222–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1546247
46.
WarrenA.MarchantT.SchulzeD.ChungD. (2019). From economic abuse to economic empowerment: Piloting a financial literacy curriculum with women who have experienced domestic and family violence. Affilia, 34(4), 498–517. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109919868828
47.
WilsonJ. M.GoodmanL. A. (2021). “A community of survivors”: A grounded theory of organizational support for survivor-advocates in domestic violence agencies. Violence Against Women, 27(14), 2664–2686. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220981143
48.
World Bank. (2018). Women, Business and the Law 2018 (Washington, D.C., 2018). http://wbl.worldbank.org/.
49.
World Health Organization. (2017). World health statistics 2017: Monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva: World Health Organization. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
